tr>i:
*:■>■■*">
rt rr*^
»J- «? :,V
:^'^"f.^
l^- $. $■
fc/ ^
è<r^'
1^ IC Sê «•
THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE,
IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO,
VOL. XX.
m M ^ 19 :;^ ^ W It published by the university.
t5ky5, japan.
1904—1905. MEIJI XXXVII.— xxxviir.
Publishing Committee. ^4.
Prof. K. IVIitSUkuri, Ph. D., Rigakuhakushi, Director of the College,
(ex officio). Prof. J. Sakurai, LL. D., Rigakuhakushi. Prof. I, Ijima, Ph. D., Rigakuhakushi. Prof. F. Ömori, Rigakuhakushi. Prof. S. Watase, Ph. D., Rigakuhakushi.
NÖTIGE.
Beginning with Vol. XVI., each article has a paging of its oion ; and the position of an article in a volume is indicated by the number placed at its head.
It is hoped that this arrangement, which enables us to print papers independently of one another, loill ensure a more rapid publication of the material than has been possible heretofoi'e.
All communications relating to this Journal should be addressed to the Director of the College of Science.
2
2/3f
CONTENTS.
Art. 1. — On the Formation of the Germinal Layers in Gastropoda.
( IVith 3 plates.) By T. Fujita.— Publ. Oct. 10th, 1094. Art. 2. — Cretaceous Cephalopoda from the Hokkaido. Part. II.
(With 6 plates.) By H. Yabe.— Pub). Oct. 15th, 1904.
Art. 3.— Revisio Euphorbiacearum et Buxacearum Japonicarum.
{With 6 plates.) By B. Hayata.— Publ. Dec. 28th, 1904.
Art. 4.— The Gephyrea of Japan. ( JVith 4 plates.) By K. Ikeda.— Publ. Dec. 30th, 1904.
Art. 5. — Mesozic Plants from Nagato and Bitchu. (With 3 plates.) By M. YoKoYAMA.— Publ. April 18th, 1905.
Art. 6. — On the Magnetization and the Magnetic Change of Length in Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys at Temperatures rang- ing from - 186°C to + 1200°C. {With 4 plates.) By K. Honda and S. Shimizu.— Publ. April 18th, 1905.
Art. 7. —On a New Cestode Larva Parasitic in Man. {With 1 plate.) By I. Ijima.— Publ. May 25th, 1905.
Art. 8.— Mesozoic Plants from Korea. {With 4: plates.) By H. Yabe. —Publ. August 15th, 1905.
Art. 9.— Modulus of Elasticity of Rocks and Some Inferences relating to Seismology. {With 2 plates.) By S. Kusakabe. — Publ. August 5th, 1905.
Art. 10. — Kinetic Measurement of the Modulus of Elasticity for 158 Specimens of Rocks and a Note on the Relation be- tween the Static and the Kinetic Values of the Same. ( With 1 plate.) By S. Kusakabe. — Publ. September, 29th, 1905.
Art. 11.— On Two New Species of Chimaera. {With 2 plates.) By S. Tanaka.— Publ. December 18th, 1905.
Art. 12.— A Revised List of Corallinae. Pty K. Yendo.— Publ. Decem- ber 25th, 1905.
PRINTED AT THE "TOKYO TSUKIJI TYPE FOUNDRY."
^^- ^
JOURNAL OF THE COLLEGE OP SCIENCE, IMPERIAL UNIVERSITï, ^ TOKYO, JAPAN.
VOL. XX., ARTICLE 1.
On the Formation of the Germinal Layers in Gastropoda.
Bv
T. Fujita, R{^nhushi. NogaJuishi.
With 3 plates.
In spite of tlie foct that within recent years the morphogenesis of the Mollusca has received a. great deal of attention from embryologists, there is still much disagreement among authors with regard even to some of the fundamental points in the early phases of development. This is no doubt due to actual differences in developmental processes found in the various animals employed for investigation, and this makes it highly desirable to extend our researches to as many different forms as possible, if we are to arrive at any comprehensive results in these vexed problems. With this aim in view I first paid a great deal of attention to the early development of the Gastoropoda, Siphonaria lepida Gould. A preliminary note on that subject was published in the Tokyo Zoological Magazine, Vol. VIL, No. 79, 1895. A few years later I undertook a similar investigation on another form, Ajjlysia sp. The conclusions reached in the latter study were
2 AET. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
almost the same as those obtained from Siphoncma, there being only slight differences in minor details.
The present paper embodies the more essential points brought out in the investigation on these two animals.
THE EGGS.
The eggs of both species here to be considered are deposited on rocks between the tide-marks from the early pai't of March till late in June. Each form presents so many characteristic differences in egg masses, that it is convenient to describe them under separate headings.
Eggs of Sipho7iaria : — The eggs of Siphonaina are almost always found in masses, the shape of which may be described as an elliptical loop (Fig. 1, Plate I), the last laid portion usually resting on the portion laid first. When oviposition is completed, the head of the animal is j^ointed in the direction of the arrow in Fig. 1. PI. I. When magnified the mass is seen to be formed of an innumerable number of oblong vesicles, which are linked one to another by a fine thread, the whole being cemented together by a gelatinous coating. Each vesicle is enveloped in two membranes, very thin and transparent, which are closely applied to each other, and separated only at the poles of the longer axis (Fig. 4). The egg (Figs. 2 and 4 e) found in each of these vesicles which must be regarded as the chorion lies rather eccentrically in the portion furthest removed from the genital opening. It is perfectly spherical in form, and is 0.1 mm. in diameter. When freshly deposited it is very slightly tinged with yellow, but in course of development it gradually becomes white. In far advanced stages especially in the larval form its color
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. à
becomes completely changed to dusky brown, owing to the pre- sence of the shell. Besides the egg there is, within the chorion, an abundant supply of albuminous material uniformly distributed in the form of rather coarse spherules. Fig. 2 shows the general view of the egg in the chorion, which is seen to be enveloped in a thin layer of gelatine not yet coagulated. The spherules just cited are homogenous and translucent ; but at about the time of the expulsion of the second polar body, vacuoles are produced in them (Fig. 3). Subsequently, all of the spherules gradually disintegrate, leaving behind only very fine almost imperceptible granules. They, however, can be easily coagulated, and therefore may be brought into view by the application of hardening reagents. By the time this coagulation stage is reached, it is found that the distribution of the albuminous material is no longer uniform throughout as was the case before disintegration. There is almost always a smaller quantity towards the side, which is upper- most in Fig. 4, i.e. the future dorso-anterior end of the egg, than on the opposite side.
JEffgs of Aplysia : — In tliis species too, the eggs are deposited in a mass ; but here it is in the form of a very long and intricately and loosely entangled cord which is about 1-1 è vim. in diameter. In this cord there is recognizable, even with tlie naked eye an innumerable number of yellow capsules, which are, as in the case of the former species, connected by a thin thread and enveloped in gelatine. The capsule represents the chorion, and enclosed therein we find eggs usually more than thirty in number (Fig. 37, PI. II). The egg has a spherical contour, and is about 0.12 m7)i. in diameter. As is seen in Fig. 38 coarse granules of deutoplasm are conspicuous in that part of the egg which becomes the anterior portion of the future embryo. Their color is very
4 ART. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FOEMATION
bright, particularly when fresh, varying from Hght red to yeUow. In advanced stages, however, the color changes completely to dull brown just as in the case of Siphonaria.
THE ELASTOMERE STAGE.
Siphonaria : — In three or four hours after deposition, the egg gradually begins to elongate in the antero-posterior dii-ection, i.e. almost parallel to the long axis of the chorion. Subsequently a portion becomes somewhat flattened or even depressed, and tlie cytoplasm thereabout becomes translucent in the form of an inverted cone. This portion begins to bulge out, and fifteen minutes later it finally assumes a spherical shape. This eventually separates from the mother egg, forming the first polar body. After the complete detachment of this body, the egg returns to its normal spherical form, and loses its transparency throughout its entire mass. Then ensues an interval of about thirty minutes ; after which the egg again behaves as above described. The new spherical structure or the second polar body is thrown out liere very close to the first. After the completion of the maturation processes, the restoration of the egg to the normal spherical form is again effected. Generally fifteen minutes are required for each of the two processes : — the formation of the second polar body, and the restoration of the spherical form. Then follows a pause of one or more hours, after which the egg elongates for the third time. This is the preparation for the first cleavage. If we carefully observe the exact contour of the egg at this stage, we shall find that it is not strictly elliptical in shape. The portion which becomes the future posterior end is almost always slightly pointed. Hence, using an exaggerated expression, it may
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 5
be said to have an ovoid shape. The same state of affairs has been observed in Limax by JMark^^''. Thus, before the cleavage process commences, it already shows a tendency to present inequalities in its two lialves. After the elongation, a depression begins to appear in the animal pole near the polar body. It gradually extends downwards until it almost reaches the center of the egg. At about the same time a similar groove with a much sharper angle appears in tlie vegetative pole which proceeds upwards towai'ds the center of the egg. (Fig. o). The depression from the animal pole, however, proceeds much the more rapidly of the two until it reaches about the center of the egg. There it seems to stop, and to meet the approaching groove from the vegetative pole. Thus these two grooves encircle the egg leaving a bridge which for the time being connects the two halves. In the section, this bridge is proved to be the body of the spindle. This first cleavage plane is often described as moving directly from the animal pole to the vegetative in other species of Mollusca, for example, in Umbrella (Heymons)^"^', Unio (Lillie)^''^\ Suecinea (Schmidt) *''^', Limax (Meisenheimer)^^^\ etc. In either case the cleavage results in the total division of the egg into two halves or blastomeres. The plane itself in Siphonaria stands almost transverse to the longitudinal axis of the future adult. The blastomeres thus formed seem at first sight similar in size ; but a careful observation shows that in reality that carrying the polar hodj is a little larger than its complement. This difierence in the size of the two halves is the consequence of the original inequality existing in the natural configuration of the egg before the cleavage. When the final constriction of the blastomeres takes place each of them has a spherical outline, not departing from it even at the point where they come in contact with each
6 ART. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
Other. When we observe a fresh specimen in such a stage, we notice the existence of a period, although very short, in which the two blastomeres are completely separated from each other by a narrow space. In Limax, Kofoid^'^*^^ claims to have found at the spot " a rather vague, transparent, and unstained protoplasmic connection." In my specimens, both fresh and preserved, I could not finds any instance of such connection, although Kofoid's statement seems to be a highly reasonable one. The large blas- tomere thus formed contributes mostly to the formation of the anterior portion of the adult, while the smaller contributes to the posterior. Therefore, they will hereafter be designated re- spectively as the anterior and the posterior, blastomeres. The eggs of various jMolluscan species which have been thus far studied are not alike in the size of the two blastomeres. For example, in Unio the posterior blastomere is larger, while in Neritina (Blochmann)*^^ Umbrella, etc. it is smaller than the anterior one. Soon, the two blastomeres again come gradually in contact with each other, the surfaces by which they touch, becoming flattened. Simultaneously their general configuration begins to alter, and becomes somewhat elongated in the direction parallel to the plane of contact. During this period of apposition the anterior blastomere slightly shifts its position obliquely upwards in the direction of the animal pole. In about one hour, the blastomeres begin to stretch further in the direction already elongated and finally divide in a plane which is at right angles to the plane of contact or that of the first cleavage. This phenomenon appears usually first in the anterior one (Fig. 6), and is soon followed l)y the posterior complement. In the blastomeres thus transformed, the furrow causing the second cleavage commences almost simultaneously at the animal and the
OF THE C.EKMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 7
vegetative poles. It stands almost at right angles to tlie first cleavage plane and coincides with the future median axis of the body. As a consequense the egg is subdivided into the right, and the left halves (Fig. 7). Concerning the priority of the cleavage in the first two blastomeres just described, there is much controversy. In Umbrella, Aplysia, and others the posterior blastomere divides first. On the contrary, in Neritma, Unio and others the anterior precedes the other. Thus it is easy to see that in Mollusca n eggs the priority of cleavage is quite independent of the amount of the deutoplasm and its distribution in the egg. The four cells formed by the second cleavage take a spherical form just as i'l the case of the first blastomeres, but soon become flnttcr.^d on one side as the result of mutual contact. They, as a whole, constitute the first quartet and are commonly designated as A, B, C, and D, (Fig. 8) of which A and B come from the anterior, and C and D from the posterior, blastomeres of the two cell stage. During the formation, and especially during the accommodation of this quartet the cell C shifts its position obliquely upwards. At length, it comes to stand in the same level with the two anterior blastomeres leaving its complement cell J) in the original level lower than the others. By this shifting it also happens that the two diagonally opposite cells B and D are brought in direct contact at the animal, as well as at the vegetative, poles, forming what has been called the cross furrow. The cells forming this furrow differ in different species, and sometimes the furrow is formed by different cells at the two poles. Moreover, there are many cases, in w^hich the length and the direction of the furrow presents marked differences in these two poles. However, in the species under consideration, the furrow is formed by the juxtaposition of the same cells both in the
8 ART. 1. — T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
(lorsiil and the ventral views, and it has also the same length on both snrfaces.
Aplysia : — The egg of this species when freshly deposited is at almost the same stage as that of Sijihonaria. It has not yet discharged the polar bodies. The process of fertilization, however, shows no material difference from that of the preceding species. It is worthy of note that the polar bodies appear in the small cytoplasmic portion of the egg. After the polar bodies are com- pletely formed the egg begins gradually to elongate and at last assumes an ovoid shape, the pointed end being toward the cytoplasmic portion. The first cleavage plane appears just as in Siiihonaria from both the animal and the vegetative poles (Fig. 39). The result of this division is the formation of two blastomeres totally different in size as well as in quality (Fig. 40). The larger blastomere is heavily laden with deutoplasm ; while the smaller one is almost wholly devoid of it. Such a striking difference in the two blastomeres is observed in only a few cases in Gastropoda even in the so called yolk-laden eggs, of Umbrella, Planorbis, etc. Of these two blastomeres the larger half represents the future anterior portion of the body, and the smaller half its posterior portion, these corresponding to the smaller and the larger blastomeres of Siphonaria. The further changes accompanying the first cleavage, such as the gradual and mutual accommodation of the blastomeres take the same course as in Siphonaria already fully described above. The second cleavage in this species takes place first in the posterior half (Fig. 41, PL II). The new cells thus generated are, as in the case of Siphonaria, designated as A, B, 0, and I) (Fig. 42). Their i-elation to the future axis of the body coincides with that of the former species and therefore requires no further explanation.
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 9
After complete accommodation it will be seen that here again the cross furrow lies between the cells B, and D, ])Oth at the animal and the vegetative poles. The same phase is observable in A. limacina,^-^ and also with only a slight difference in Umbrella. The hypothesis advanced by Kofoid/-^^^ as to the relation existing between the cross furrow and the presence of an abundant deu- toplasm can not he accepted in these cases.
THE FIRST QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Sipkonaria (cci, b^, Ci, d^, Figs. 9-11, PL I) : — About two hours ai'ter the complete formation of the original quartet, the spindles appear simultaneously in all the blastomeres ; but actual cleavage begins always at the left posterior one D. The axes of the spindles in all the cells are directed obliquely upwards (Fig. 10), and when seen from the animal pole they seem to converge towards one another (Fig. 9). The cleavage proceeds in one cell after anotlier in a certain regular course. In this species the course of this cleavege is in a right-handed spiral or in the direction of the motion of clock-hands as shown in Fig. 9, the apical view, and also in Fig. 10, the posterior side-view. In the former figure we see that the blastomere D precedes all others in development, presenting already its small daughter-cell. This priority of cleavage and the further course of development is made clear by the next figure. Here the first ectomere cell, di from the blastomere D is seen to be already well formed, while the formation of a^ from the blastomere A is not as much advanced. In the other two blastomeres B and (7, the division is indicated only by a spindle. It is stated by Kofoid, that in Limax the
10 ART. 1. — T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
spindles gradually shift their positions during this cleavage. Such does not seem to be the case in Sii^lionaria : the axis of the spindle, as may be partly gathered from the figures cited above, remains unchanged in direction throughout the whole of this phase. The newly formed cells, however, moves lightly when they come to adjust themselves to one anotlier. Four daughter cells a■^, bi, Ci and di (Fig. 11) thus propagated form the first quartet of ectomere cells, lie, when completely detached, on the dorsal side of the mother-blastomeres. They are small in size and are at first merely an aggregation of spherical bodies, which however soon begin to be applied one against another. When finally settled, they seem to have been shoved somewhat towards the anterior end (Fig. 11), Now in this new quartet the cross furrow is again formed by a juxtaposition of the ectomere-cells bi and c/j just as it was in the preceding stage by their mother-blastomeres B, and D (Fig. 11). Thus the furrow of the ectomere-cells and that of the blastomeres are formed by the cells genetically related to one another. The lines of these two furrows form a small angle with each other, i.e., neither runs parallel with, nor stands at right angles to, the other as is the case in many other species. Aplysia (a^, h^, c^, d^, Figs. 43-44, PL III) : — The form tion of the first quartet of ectomeres here also commences first in the posterior blastomere (Fig. 44), most usually from its left component D, and is followed immediately by the cells C, B, and A in the order named (Fig. 43). Thus the cleavage proceeds in a left-handed spiral, i. e. in the direction just the reverse of that of /Siphonaria. This direction is contrary to that ascertained by Blochmann in A. limaoina, and also in other forms of yolk- laden egg noted by various authors. The first quartet of ectomeres formed are much smaller than the mother blastomeres ; and when
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 11
finally settled, the position they occupy is on the posterior dorsal portion of the egg, instead of on the anterior dorsal as in Sl- phonaria. On the other hand the cross furrow keeps its relative position exactly as in the case of the preceding species (Fig. 45).
THE SECOND QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Siphonaria [a.^, bo, c^, do, Fig. 12-13, PI. I) : — After a pause of about one hour, the second generation of ectomeres originates again from the original blastomeres. They arise first in the posterior blastomeres as in the case of the first genera- tion, but this time from the right cell C. Although spindles often appear in all the blastomeres at the same time as shown in Fig. 13, yet the cell C is always ahead of all the others in actual cleavage. The order of division here is just the reverse of that in the first quartet as shown in Fig. 12, in which we notice that of the second quartet cells Co, b-,, and Oo have already been produced, while D is just preparing to bud off cL. These ectomere-cells are of the same size as those of the first quartet, and roughly speaking occupy positions alternate with these latter.
Aplysia (a.,, bo, Co, do, Figs. 45-47, PI. III.) : — In this species too, the second quartet of ectomere-cells arise from the blasto- meres, the process begining as in Siphonaria from the right posterior one C. Cleavage, however, proceeds in a right-handed spiral, the reverse of the order in which the first generation was budded off. This point as well as the relative position of the newly formed generation are clearly illustrated in Figs. 45, and 46, which give respectively the a pical and the left lateral, views of the egg. In Fig. 45 the spindles are seen in all the blasto- meres except B, and that of C is most advanced. In the next
12 ART. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FOEMATION
figure also, the order of cleavage is clearly indicated inasmuch as the blastomere C has already almost detached its new daughter cell Co ; and D is about to divide. In this species the second quartet of ectomere-cells are much larger than the first set and occupy positions alternate with these as in Sijihonaria.
THE THIRD QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Siphonaria («1.1, ^1.1, c'l.i, dx,i, Figs. 14-15, PL I) : — In a majority of the Molluscan eggs direct segmentation from the blastomeres stops temporarily with the second quartet of ectomeres, the third being derived mostly from the first quartet of ectomere- cells. This is also the case in the present species. In my pre- liminary note on the development of the present species com- municated to the Zoological Magazine already referred to, I noted that this generation also originates from the blastomeres. A renewed investigation has shown that this view was a mistaken one, having been caused by the abnormal condition of the speci- mens then accessible. In reality, this new generation arises from the first quartet of ectomere-cells. Cleavage begins from the first descendant {d-^ of the left posterior blastomere and proceeds in a right-handed spiral. In Fig. 14, the apical view of this stage, di.i alone has been budded off; while all the others show the spindle in a more or less similar state. These ectomere-cells of the third generation or trochoblast cells, as they are usually called, are smaller than any of the preceding generations. Nevertheless, they are rather conspicuous, coloring deeply when stained. They lie in the same level and in alternation with the ectomere-cells of the first (piartet, ])ushuig the cells of the second quartet {a->, h etc) to the left, in the order which indicates a
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 13
riglit-handed spiral. Such a displacement of the cells is recog- nizable when we compare Figs. 12 and 15.
Aplysia {((.,.1, bo.i, Co.u d-^.u Figs. 48-50, PI. Ill) : — In this species as well as in A. limacina the ectomere-cells of the third generation are not the descendants of the first quartet of ectomeres. Here it is the ectomere-cells of the second quartet, which present the spindles in a left-handed spiral, the right posterior cell C2 taking the lead in cleavage. Fig. 48, the apical view, shows the priority of cleavage in the cell Co, although sometimes we meet with abnormal cases as represented in Fig. 49, in which the cell «2 precedes the others in cleavage. The new daughter cells are similar in size to any of the preceding generations, and do not take a bright stain like those of Siphonaria. Again as they are the descendants of the second generation, they stand in alternation with the latter, and their positions with regard to the first generation are différent from what is seen in the preceding- species.
THE FOURTH QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Siphonaria («y, 4» <^'oj d-^, Figs. 15-16, PI. I) : — An hour or so after the last stage, the blastomeres again exhibit the spindles. This time the spindle appears first in the right posterior blastomere C\ and the cleavage proceeds in a right-handed spiral. The period in which this generation arises seems to differ with species, as will be seen directly in the case of Aplysia. In the present species its formation commences somewhat later so that it appears concomitantly with that of the next generation. This is easily proved by referring to Fig. 15, the apical view, and Fig. 16, the sagittal section seen from the left side. In the former,
14 AET. 1. — T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
all of the blastomeres except D are shown to have budded off their daughter cells c^ etc, while in the latter which represents a slightly earlier stage the blastomeres of which A and D are seen show their spindles in an early phase. It is moreover evident in both the figures, that the formation of this generation is im- mediately followed by that of the fifth quartet [a^.x, etc). The cells of the fourth generation are, as a rule, rather larger than any of the foregoing ones. They occupy a position on the ventral aspect of the egg, just under the third generation («i.i, etc). By the formation of the fifth generation they, however, shift their position more to the left side ; and eventually come to in- terpose themselves together with the fifth quartet between the cells of the second {a.2, etc) generation (Fig. 15).
After throwing ofi* three series of ectomeres, i.e., at the forma- tion of this fourth generation of ectomeres the blastomeres are completely differentiated, and make no further contribution to the formation of the ectomere-cells. The cleavage which occurs later in the blastomeres oives rise to the Q-enerations of entomere-cells. Hence, the blastomeres receive the name of entomeres with the single exception of the left posterior one D. This latter ultimately gives birth, beside the entomere, to the mesomere, so that it is generally designated as the ento-mesoniere.
Ajjlysia («„ h, c„ d„ Figs. 48-50, PI. Ill) :— The fourth generation arises as in Siphonaria from the left posterior blastomere, and proceeds in a right-handed spiral. In this species too, as was mentioned in Siphonaria, the formation of this generation very often takes place simultaneously with that of another quartet, but here it is with the preceding (co, etc), and not with the following, generation. This fact is well illustrated in Figs. 48 and 50, respectively showing the apical
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 15
view, and the sagittal section seen from the right side. The ectoniere-cells of this generation are a little larger than any of the preceding. When fully adjusted (Fig. 51), they take their positions, as in the first species interposing themselves between the cells of the second {a-i, etc) and the third («2.1, etc) quartets. In this species also, this generation is the final ectomere product from the blastomeres. Henceforth, the blastomeres are called entomeres or ento-mesomere according to their characters just as in Siphonaria.
At about this time a noticeable change occurs with regard to the relative positions of the anterior and the posterior ento- meres. By the repeated cleavage already gone through, it is seen that the posterior half is gradually brought upwards toward the apical pole. This shifting increases with development and is combined with a slight movement toward the right side. If we refer to Fig. 44 a right lateral view of the blastomere stage, and to Figs. 46 and 49, representing the posterior views of the dif- ferent stages, one before the formation of the second generation, and the other after the formation of the third generation, we can easily comprehend the above mentioned change in the cell arrangement. At the outset both the anterior and the posterior, halves of the egg stand ahnost on the same level (Fig. 44). By two consecutive cleavages of the first and the second quartets of ectomeres, tlie posterior half has shifted its position almost half way up the anterior components (Fig. 46). Finally the former seems to stand high up, and to surmount, the latter. That there is at the same time a slight shifting toward the right is seen by comparing Figs. 46 and 49. In the former the plane of contact of A and B is seen through the right portion of D and near the contact plane of D and Ö. In Fig. 49 the latter contact plane
16 ART. ]. — T. FUJITA I ON THÉ FORMATION
is much further to the right. Moreover, it is to be observed that the difference in the amount of cytoplasm contained in the anterior and the posterior halves of the egg causes the gradual displacement of the ectomeres in general toward the posterior end. This seems to be due partly to the fact that during all the cleavage processes the axes of the spindles in the anterior blastomeres always have a tendency to be inclined toward the posterior end, so that an ectomere-cell budded off generally lies dorsally and posteriorly to its mother cell. The posterior position of ectomeres is marked even from the stage of the first ectomere generation ; thus in Fig, 45 which shows the first quartet of ectomeres in their proper position we see how they lie more on the posterior blasto- meres. The same arrangement is also continued up to quite late stages. Although this tendency is noticeable in other yolk-laden Molluscan eggs it does not seem as pronouned as in Aplysia, for their blastomeres shows no such marked difference in nature as there is in this species.
THE FIFTH QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Slphonaria («2.1, /^.u g-ia, fh.u Figs. 15-16, PL I) : — As I hiive already stated the formation of this generation takes place in conjunction with the preceding one. It arises from the second quartet of ectomeres. As is seen in Fig. 15 the cleavage makes its first start from the right posterior cell Co and its course is in a right-handed spiral. The daughter cells Co.u etc thus formed are as large as those of the fourth generation. They are situated more veiitrally than the mother cell and finally interpose them- selves between the cells of tiie preceding generation, pushing the latter more to the left along the right spiral. From this time
OF THE GEKMINAL LAYERS TN OJASTROPODA. 17
onwni'd it <;'r:i(lii;illy hocomes evi(l(Mit tluit :ill tlic generations of the oetonioro-cell, as a whole, make but a sliglit displaceiiient compared witli wliat is generally seen in other s^iecies. They do not strictly ov(M'lay tlie eiitonieres ; bnt lie toward the ant(M'ior, and not toward the postei'ior, end as was the case in Aplysi(( already allnded to.
Aplysia (/^.,, /;,.,, r,.,, r/^ ,, Figs. 51-'")2, PL IIT) : — Tn A. limncrna this generation is said to l)e propagated from tlie tliird quartet of eetomercs ; l)nt in tliis S})ecies it is descended from the first set of ectomeres. Cleavage begins with the cell r, and its course is in a left-handed spiral. Tn Fig. »jl, represent- ing the apical view of such a stage, the new ectornere-cell (',.1 is seen to have been completely l)ndded off from its mother-cell c^ and to have already assumed the normal form ; while in all of the other quadrants the spindle remains in the amphiaster stage. The same phase in the j^osterior two cells of the first ectoraere-quartet is îdso recognizable in tlu; o]^tical transverse section seen from the jiosterior side (Fig. /)2). The new ectomere-cell or tlie trocho- blast is very much smaller than any of the foregoing ccioineres as in the case oïSiphonaria. However in its general outline and in its reaction toward the staining fluids it bears a great similarity to the third quartet of ectomeres in Siphonaria, so that its recogni- tion is a matter of considerable ease. The resemblance of these two generations of ectomeres in the two species is intelligible when we remember that they are both the first direct descend- ants of the first generation of ectomeres and thus have the same genealogical history. The fifth quartet of ectomeres occupies a position alw^ays ventral to its mother-cell and lies almost exactly on the ectomere-cells of the third generation. It also interposes itself between the ectomere-cells of the second generation.
18 AKT. 1. T. FU.TITA : ON THE FORMATION
THE SIXTH QUARTET OF ECTOMERES.
Siphonaria (r/,,„ />,,,, rv„ ^Z,.,, Fig'^. 17-19, PI. T) :— Tlio origin of this goiiorjitioii prosents miicli v;iri;itioii aeeording to the species studied. In Siphonaria it again arises from the second quartet of ectomeres. Here the cleaA^age takes place first in the right jiosterior cell c. followed immediateh^ by the cell bo, üo, etc,, thus taking the course of a left-handed spiral. Fig. 17 illustrates a horizontal section of this stage, in which all the ectomere- cells of the second generation show their spindles. By the seg- mentation of this stage, the ectomere-cells of the second quartet are divided into two cells of unequal sizes. The newly formed daughter-cell a2,2, etc. is smaller than its mother-cell ; but it comes to occupy the position originall}^ occupied by the latter. As a consequence, the mother-cell shifts its position ventrally toward the rio'lit side, and at lensjth resis on the cells of the fourth and the fifth generations. In this stage or sometimes somewhat later, there takes place a noteworthy event, viz., the cleavage of the ento- raesomere D (Fig. 18). The spindle lies in the low^er anterior ])art of the cell so that it is easily seen in the horizontal and the sagittal sections, Figs. 18 and 19. The cleavage is soon followed l)y the division into two cells, the entomere-cell Di, and the mesomere-cell M (Fig. 20). They present considerable ditferences not merely in size, but also in general character. The entomere- cell Di is of about the same size as the ectomere-cell of the third quartet, and moreover like the latter has a comparatively large nucleus. It is situated anteriorly, ventrally to the mesomere-cell M, (Fig. 21) and maintains its direct contact with the right antci'ior entomci'c />, with the cross furrow between as before
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 19
(Fig. 20). The inesomere-cell, uii the other hand, is large, and transkicent, and now conies to occupy a position almost in the median axis of the egg.
Aplysia {((■>.■>, b^., c.>.->, d.,;,, Figs. 03-55, PI. Ill) : — Yolk-laden eggs of Mollusca present nuicli difference in the origin of the present (piartet of ectomeres. In Unibrella it arises from the third generation and in Neritina from the fifth. In the species of Aplysia other than the one studied in the present investigation, this generation is described as arising from the fourth quartet of ectomeres. In the present species, however, it is the outcome of the second generation just as in Siphonaria ; and the course of cleavage is likewise quite identical in both cases. The spindle in the ectomere-cells of the second quartet lies almost horizontal, so that the daughter-cells «...j, etc. stand at the same level with their mother-cells ; and when fully accomodated they push the eetomere-cells of the fifth generation to the left, finally interpos- ing themselves between these latter and the mother-cells. Fig. 53, the optical horizontal section from the animal pole shows that the right posterior cell c-i of the second generation of ecto- mere-cells has already propagated its new daughter-cell t'2.2 ; while its left component f/^ still presents a spindle. From this the course of cleavage and the relative position of this new series of daughter-cells will be easily comprehended. In this figure it will also be seen at a glance that the formation of the ectomere genera- tions no longer follows with a strict regularity as in earlier stages, and spindles are present simultaneously in cells other than the second quartet of ectomeres. Such an irregularity in cleavage is also seen in Fig. 54, the optical sagittal section near the median line, the division of two consecutive sets of ectomeres here arising almost at the same time.
20 AKT. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
THE SEVENTH QUARTET OF ECTOMERES AND THE CHANGE FROM THE RADIAL TO THE BILATERAL, SYMMETRY.
Siphonaria (a,.i.i, ^»,.1.1, Co.i.i, (/2.1.1, Fig. 20, PL I, and Fig. 21, PI. II) : — Tlic seventh quartet of ectomeres is the lirst clescedaut of the fifth (|uartet (^/,,.i, etc.). In Fig. 20, a horizontal section near the vegetative pole, the first cell (L.,., of the new generation is quite detached from the left posterior cell (/,-.i of the fifth generation, which, however, is not seen in this figure being situated more dorsally. Cleavage ]n-oceeds in a right-handed spiral. The daughter-cell is quite similar in its general character to the cells of the third, and the sixth generations. It lies ventral to the mother-cell, and ultimately assumes a position alternate with the cells of the fourth generation «;;, etc. (Fig. 24). From this time on until the differentiation of the three germinal layers none of the cells at the vegetative pole of the egg presents any marked change. The vegetative pole is occupied hy the entomeres A, i/, C, i>i, and the mesomere M surrounded l)y the ectomere-cells of the fourth {a.;, etc.) and the seventh (c/j.i.ij titc.) generations (Figs. 20 and 24).
Up to the [)resent stage each of the successive generations of ectomeres has invariably been formed of a quartet, the cells of which are produced in a certain regular way, and keep their relative positions in a spiral form. Such a disposition of cells is generally known as the spiral symmetry. This form of symmetry is, however, generally not retained after the formation of the mesomere-cell M, and is eventually changed into a bilateral sym- metry. This, so far as 1 am aware, is said by investigators to be caused, in most of the Molkiscan eggs simply by the new posi-
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTKOrODA. 21
tioiis taken up l)y tlint quartet of ectomeres which are ])roduced as tlie first descendant of the fourth generation. Subsequently, all the cells come by degrees to shift their positions so as to accommodate themselves to this new generation. Thus the egg has ))een said to ultimately assume a bilateral synnnetry, and as this takes place only very gradually, it is said that it is some- times quite im])Ossible to point out with exactness the transitional stage. In Siphonaria tliis phenomenon happens at, or a little after, the stage in which the seventh generation of ectomere-cells has l)een budded oft'. The alteration of the body-form is in this species also induced by the same generation of ectomeres that causes the change in the other species alluded to above {viz. the first descendant of the fourth generation) ; but what I make out respecting its formation and disposition is totally difterent from what has hitherto been stated. The two poderior quadrants of the fourtli cctomere-quartet (c^ and (?;•), ((djüiitiii(j laterally the mesoine re-cell M begin to present the spindles [Figs. 20 ami 21), tJie left component {d-.') taking the lead. Unlike all others Uicsc spindles lie in a strictly radial and horizontal direction. Con- sequently the daughter-cells, Ic and re when divided, come each to occapy a position more tnedian than th(d of the mother- cell, close to the sides of the mesomerc-cell JI and also they are in exact bilateral symmetry with regard to each, other (Figs. 24 and 25). They are quite like the ectomere-cells of the seventh quartet in size as well as in general appearance. The two anterior (piadi'ants a.^ and b.; of this fourth generation, which are so often tlescribed as dividing almost synchronously with, or a little later than, their posterior component cells, never present in this species any trace of a spindle until after the complete differentiation of the germinal layers. On account of
22 AKT. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
tliits liiglily specialized method of the formation and charaeteristic disposition of the cells, such as has not yet been desciibed in other species, I think it is better to denominate these as the bilateral cells, thus distinguishing them from other ectomere- cells. With the ])irth of the bilateral cells the spiral symmetry is materially and abrui)tly disturbed ; and the configuration of the egg is at length completely transformed into a bilateral synnnetry. Thus it is seen that the change of the symmetry takes ])lace in this species at a })eriod more definite than in any others tlius I'ar known to us.
Aplysia (''^.1.1, *^2.i.i> ^-i.i.u d'l.i.u Fig. 54-55, PL III) : — In Aplysia the seventh quartet arises from one diH'erent in order, but of strictly the same genealogical derivation as the corresponding one of the foregoing species. Here it arises from the third generation, and indeed first from its left posterior-cell iL^^ thence following the left-handed spiral. This state of things will be fairly understood when we compare Figs. 54 and bïS, illustrating the sagittal, and the horizontal, optical sections respectively. In these two figures the ectomere-cell d-i.i alone is represented. It is noteworthy that while the spindles of the cells heretofore described as well as of the other quadrants of this same (juartet {a-,,i^ etc.) lie almost horizontally the spindle in this cell is seen to take a somewhat vertical position. Consequently, when the new daughter-cell (/'o.i.i is budded off, it lies more ventrally than the other (juadrants «2.1.1, />lm.i, etc. The daughter-cells thus g(;nerated have a great öimilarity in general outline to those of either the rilUi, or the sixth generations. They generally border the ventral side of the egg, lying almost uutler the cells of the second generation.
Concomittantly with this atage or a little earlier (Figs. 00
OF THi: CERiNriNAL LAYER« TN Ci AlS'l IM )PODA. 2o
and ")4), tluTC takes place the differentiation of the ento-mesomere cell D. Tin's often liappens as early as the stage of the sixth quartet, as is shown in Fig. 54. The details of this event are qnite like those of Siphonaria, and therefore need no further explanation. Even the entomere-cell />, itself thus formed, is like that of the former species. It lies anteriorly and ventrally to its mother-cell or mesomere jNI, and of conrse has the cross fni'row in its original relation.
Besides this notahle phenomenon there always ensues still another i-emarkable change in the process of cleavage, namely the formation of the bilateral cells similar to those described above in Slphonaria. The division of these new dnughter-cells is quite similar to what takes place in the species just cited. The two posterior ectomere-cells of the fourth generation c-^ and d,; ad- joining the right and the left sides of the mesomere-cell jM now begin to divide quite independently of their two anterior com- panions. As is well shown in Fig. 53 an apical view of the animnl pole, the spindles in these two cells lie almost horizontally and are directed, unlike all the preceding ones, toward the median axis, that is, in a somewhat radial direction. The spindle usually appears first in the right cells c-. (Fig. 55), and produces a small daughter-cell re (Fig. 50) which resembles an ectomere- cell of the seventh generation, especially f/2.,.1 in its general appearance. The division of the left cell c/o soon follows, produc- ing the cell Ic. Although the two bilateral cells Ic and re are propagated from the cells of the same generation they behave in a slightly difterent manner. The left l)ilateral cell Ic at th(^ beginning of its detachment lies very close to, or even in contact with, the entomere-cell D^ (Fig. 56). Subsequently, by the cleavage of the mesomere-cell it is at last brought moi-e toward
24 ART. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FOKMATTOX
the posterior portion of the l)Ocly so as to lie ahnost on tlie same level with its complementarv cell re on the opposite side. By comparing Figs, ^"^ß and ö?, the optical liorizontal sections of two different stages, we are aide to perceive this change in the position of the left bilateral cell. Idms it seems that the final position of the bilateral cells in the two species under considera- tion coincides in almost every respect. I am not in position to contradict the views expressed by previous authors, concerning the transition from the radial to the Inlateral symmetry ; l)ut at least in the species that T h.ave studied I am convinced that the Itilateral cells are the main, if not the sole, cause of the trans- formation of the l)ody symmetry. I should like to make a reniîirk here on the same stage in A. limacina Blochmanx makes no allusion to the phenomenon mentioned above. But a close inspection of his figures shows us the occurrence of the same events in that species. His Fig. 13 has an intimate relation to the stage of the seventh ectomere generation, although it is introduced to show an earlier sta2;e. There it is seen that c-, has given rise to a small cell. This does not seem to form a quad- rant of a quartet, lait corresponds in its general character to the left bilateral cell. Again in his Figs. 14 and 15 the cell r.y as well as the first entomere-cells are seen to occupy the same position with those noted above by me. Although it is to be gathered from the author's interpretation that the change of the body symmetry occurs as early as the stage of about 24 cells, yet his ligures incline me to believe that this phenomenon takes place nuu'h latei-, just as in the case of the present species.
Innnediately after the formation of the bilateral cells or sometimes simultaneously with it there takes place the cleavage of the iiiesomere M. A spindle appears lying in the transverse
OF HIE GERMINAL LAYEKS IN GASTROPODA. 25
<liroclioii (Fig. ")()), and siibscqiiciitly divides the cell into two nlinost equal halves. The dauglitev-eells (y>/, Figs. ,>7 and ;>S) ai-e ovate in form and are characterized byt heir less granular contents. Their position is in a strict bilateral symmetry with respect to each other, and the plane in which they come in contact almost coincides with the future median axis of the body.
Previous to this stao'e the nuclei of the entomere-cells A, and 7> lie usually near the posterior end in the middle line uf each cell as is shown in Fig. 5ö. They, however, have commenced to shift their position toward the right (Fig. ''){]). This goes so far in A that the nucleus reaches the ventral side of the anterior end as will l)ecome intelligible l)y a reference to Figs. ÖG and Ö8. It would seem that such a shifting of the nucleus in the two entomeres could have no other purpose than to prepare for the formation of the future entoderm-cell. This latter event arises shortly after the bilateral symmetry becomes well pronounced by the clejp'age of the mesomere-cell M. The formation of the entoderm-cells has its begining in the posterior cells ; and indeed in the right component cell C (Fig. ")?). In the formation of this generation the sj^indle lies almost horizon- tally, and the daughter-cells detached which are known as the entoderm-cells (A^, B^, ({, Figs. o9 and GO) are rather small and situated alternately with, and outside of their mother-cells {A, II 0).
THE EIGHTH QUARTET.
Siphonaria (ry, ., />,.,>, ^,.,, ^/,.,, Figs. 22-24, PI. IT) :— With the difterentiation of the entomere-cell D^ the behaviour of individual cells becomes hardlv ascertainable in a surface view.
2(\ ART. 1. — T. FUJITA : ON THE FOE^FATION
Tlio formation of this generation was therefore made ont in Siphonaria from sections. In this species the first ectomere generation gives birth to the eighth quartet of ectomeres (Fig. 22), the riglit posterior cell r, taking precedence over tlie others. The spindles lie in rather a horizontal plane (Fig. 23), and the course of the division is in a left-handed spindle. The newly formed cells r^i 9, bi.o, etc., which are shown in the next Fig. 24, are much larger than their mother-cells «1, b^, etc., with which they lie on the same level and the same radii. After this cleavage the first ectomere generation takes the shape of a rosette, the cross fin-row l)eing almost obliterated. At this stage the normal and typical form of the egg is rather oval in a horizontal view, nar- rowing toward the posterior side (Fig. 27). In a side view, how- ever, it takes a wedge shape with the thicker end turned also toward the posterior side. About this time the ectomere-cells lose their spherical contour, and losing their individuality become more or less flattened, altogether presenting the appearance of a layer (Fig. 20). Hence they will hereafter l)e called the ectoderm- layer. The ectoderm is, moreover, disposed more or less in dif- ferent zones. Fig. 24 illustrates the egg in this stage, which is seen from the apical pole showing clearly the exact positions as well as the mutual relations of the cells. The highest or dorsal zone is occupied l>y the first {a^, h^, etc.), the third («u, /;, 1, etc.), and the eighth (r/,,., /-»i.o, etc.) generations of ectoderm-cells, and the ventral zone (Fig. 25) is formed of the fourth (o^o, b., etc.), and the seventh (r^a.i.i, b.,_^.u etc.), generations of ectoderm-cells and the entomere-cells {A, B, C, D^), together with the bilateral cells (re and Ic) and the mesomere-cell M ; while the lateral zone is ])ordcred with the ectoderm-cells of the second (a.,, h.,, etc.), the fifth (^2.1» Ku etc.), and the sixth (r^,„, /;.,.,, etc.), generations.
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA. 27
A simihir but Bliglitly advanced stage in Aplysia is also shown in Fig. ö9. In this it is seen that unhke ^Siphonaria the tii'st (ai, A,, etc.), the second {a.,, do, etc.), the fifth («ji, (î»i.i, etc.), and the sixth (r/o..,, 00,2, etc.), generations of ectoderm- cells cover the dorsal apex of the egg. Futhermore the ectoderm- cells, as a whole, are aggregated in this species in a more posterior portion of the egg than in Siphonaria. Again, owing to the large size of the anterior entomeres the egg of Aplysia is generally thicker in that portion than is the case in the preceding species (see Fig. -54). Although not as marked as in other species, the first Anlage of the trochoblast-cells can be distinctly made out in the two species under consideration. As will be seen clearly in Figs. 24 and 09 the apical quartet of the first ectomeres is encircled by a girdle of eight cells, of which four («1.1, Aj.i, etc.), i.e. the first descendants of the first ectomere-quartet form the trochoblast. While the apical quartet gives rise to the " arms of the cross " its further development does not take place in these two species until after three germinal layers are firmly established.
In Siphoîiaria, after such a disposition of cells has been completed, the cleavage of the mesomere M and of the entomeres ^4, B, and G occurs synchronously (Fig. 25). Usually, however, the mesomere- cell M precedes the other three, as shown in the horizontal section (Fig. 25). The spindle in this cell is directed almost exactly horizontally (Fig. 26) and the cleavage plane thus formed conies to correspond with the median axis of the egg. The resultant cells ^iii) are in their nature (piite identical with those of Aplysia to which allusion has already made (p. 25). It suffices here only to call attention to figures mentioned above, and to Fig. 27, which shows the horizontal section through the
28 ART. 1. ï. FUJIÏA : ON THE FORMATION
middle portion of the egg. This latter is intended to illus- trate the mesomere after its complete division into two daughter- cells and after their full accommodation. The three entomere-cells A, B, and G now commence to divide as in Fig. 25. In this case their nuclei do not show any shifting, such as was seen in Aplysla. The entomere-cells are divided into two lialves almost equal in size ; and all are arranged on the same level. From this time onward the entomere-cells dispose themselves in a layer and may now l)e called the entoderm -layer.
The further developmental course of the germ-layers has been studied with some degree of exactness only in Siphonaria. The ectoderm-cells gradually begin to divide indiscriminately ; and hence it is wholly impossible to trace them in surface views beyond the tenth generation. The ninth quartet (^<2.2.b '^2.'2.i5 etc.), arises from the sixth generation of ectoderm-cells (^i;^ h,2, etc.), and the tenth («2.1.1.1, ^^2a.\a, etc.), from the seventh («2.1.1, '^2. 1.1, etc.), (Fig. 30). In what quadrant they first appear, and how the courses of cleavage run are quite uncertain. The new daughter-cells are always as small as their mother-cells.
The entoderm-cells iro through their second cleavage, at the same time with the second division of the mesoderm-cells. This process begins with the cell A^^ and proceeds in a right-handed spiral, as seen in Fig. ^34, a horizontal section of this stage, in which A^ and i)i have given off respectridy Ai,^, and i)i.i, and C\ shows a spindle. The small daughter-cells thus produced exactly alternate in position with their original mother-cells. The subsequent growth of the entoderm-cells seems very slow, and I have not traced it Iteyond this stage. I will only add here that the first entoderm-cells retain their original relative positions' for a long time as indicated l)y the persistence of the cross furrow.
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTRORODA. 29
Til fact it remains iincliaiiged until tlio cells enter into the i)er- maneiit portion of the alimentary canal. Hence it in of great use in determining the orientation of the l)ody.
As to the mesoderm, its formation may he followed u]) to a cer- tain stage with some exactness. ^Viter the eighth ectomere stage each of the two daughter mesomere-cells m come to present the spindle. It is directed obliquely forward and upward (Fig. 28), and appears first most frequently in the left component (Fig. 29). The daughter- cell or the first mesoderm-cell m^ is very small ; but its presence is easily recognizable owing to its large nucleus (Fig. 30). The second mesoderm-cell originates from the mesomere-cell as did the first. The fact is shown in the horizontal section Fig. 32, and the sagittal section Fig. 33. This, however, happens much later ill time when there has already been much increase in the numljer of the ectoderm-cells. The new mesoderm-cell in~z is much like the first one but it takes a position more ventral than the latter. The exact seat of these cells is clearly indicated in Fig. 36, a sagittal section of the egg. The third mesoderm-cell nh i« now derived from in^ beginning with the right component. It is the most dorsally situated of all as is shown in Fig. 35, a transverse section through the posterior side of the egg. The first mesoderm-cell soon again subdivides, thus giving rise to the formation of the fourth one ni^. Fig. 36 just mentioned above also shows this fact, the S])indle in the first mesoderm-cell ii^ being in the amphiaster stage. The mesoderm-cells, henceforth, seem to segment rather rapidly with no apparent regular order. At first they all aggregate as a mass in the posterior median line of the 1)ody. Gradually, how^ever, they l)egin to spread toward the lateral parts, where they soon arrange themselves in distinct layers. In some other species of Mollusca the so called " larval
30 AKT. 1. — T. FIJJJTA : ON THE FORMATION
or Hecoudarv mesoblaHt " is often ck'sciibed tis boiiii;; foi'incd iVoiii one or otlier of the ectoderm-cells, and it is sm)posed to contril)ute toward the foruiation of the niesencliynie. In the present species I was not able to lind any trace of it so far as the investigation extended.
Several years have elapsed since I carried ont the alnjve investigation, and during that period, tlie investigations by WiEKZEjsKr, Meisenheimer, Heath, Holmes, Cauazzi, Geor- GEWiTCH etc. on similar subjects have been published. Generally s})eaking, they have tended to confirm and verify the pro2)Osition« that had already been made known by previous authors. I con- sider it advisable to refer to some of these works which bear directly on what I have described above.
In January 1900 there appeared a paper on the development of Aplijsla liiiiacina by Carazzi, and again eight months after another paper by George witch on A. dep'dans.
Carazzi has carefully traced out all the developmental processes up to the formation of the mesoderm-layer noting the time exactly. When we compare his results with those given above, it will be seen that they agree in the main. Nevertheless, there are discrepancies on some important points which cannot l)e ])assed without a word. The difterentiation of the germ-layers in general is reached a little earlier in our species than in that studied by the Italian author, excepting the formation of the (iitomei'e />,, whicli is far earlier in his sj^ecies. In his Fig. 2 we see the illustration of an egg from its apical pole, whicli coincides with Fig. 53 of the present pa[)er. But one of
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS TN rjARTROPODA. 31
tlie (Iniwing^ in his Fig. o (illustrating the vegetative pole of the egg) which is like my Fig. -57, is interpreted in a different \\<\y. The hilateral cell, to which I have called attention, is in our species pi'odnced at nhout this time from the posterior half r.. and d,. of the fourth generation of ectomere-cells. Such a cleavage really occur also in A. limacma ; but it is said to be accompanied or- dinarily with the simultaneous division in its anterior components. Hence, in that species the new generation is formed of a quartet like all the preceding ectomeres and does not influence in any way the transformation of the cell-arrangement. Nevertheless the bilateral form of cleavage occurs also in the ectomere-cells o6'^ and of?\ as may be gathered from the author's own words as "subito dopo, alia 28" ora oc^ e 3(/^ si dividond con fusi transversali, cioè con divisione bilaterale, mentre oa} e ?)b^ rimango in riposo." However, this is the second division of those ectomeres, and indeed after the l)ilateral symmetry is fairly established by the formation of the mesomere-cell. Thus the transformation of the body sym- metry here seems to be effected l^y the gradual and renewed dis- 2:)Osition of already formed ectomeres rather than by a single cleavage of the posterio]* half of the fourth ectomei-es. Such a method of transformation is seen in various species as T have already noted.
Concerning Georgewitcii's paper on A. depUans the author, it appears to me, has fallen into some confusion on important points. At all events his ideas on the orientation of the egg are exastly contrary to those usually held, tlie portion called by him the posterior, being really the anterior, so that his " Ur- mesodermzell " is in fact derived fi'om the anterior blastomere. And it is very strange that he describes the posterior (really anterior) half of the second quartet of ectomeres as the " Ur-
32 T. ART. 1. FUJTTA : OX THE FORMATION
mesomere." By my investigation given above as well as by those of others it is known that this generation is the most active in its growth, at least before the establishment of a bilateral sym- metry. They ought to have given rise to daughter-cells before the true mesoderm "Kleine Zelle???," was first perceived by the author. By a careful study, however, T have at last found that his description and figures do not harmonize. In his description not a' word is said as to the fate of his anterior blastomeres A and B i. e. really the posterior C and D of authoi'S. But we can ascertain from his Fig. 20 that these cells segment almost :it the same time. In sliort, according to his paper we nnist finally arrive at the very embarrassing conclusion that he has put three totally different kinds of cells under one and the same name of "the mesoderm" viz., (1) the descendants of the second ectomere- cells or according to the author 2e and Id (Fig. 10), and (2) the descendants of the entomere C or according to the autho]" rt>, in addition to (3) the descendants of the proper mesomere, which seems to have been entirely overlooked by the author. Yet these c(dls, as they represent the ectomere-, the entomere-, nnd the meso- mei-e-cells ought not of course to be confounded. This and some other conclusions of the author, which I can not help considering as too hasty are derived from his assumption of the homology existing in the formation of the original mesomere-cells in the species in question and in Polyclads. The fact is clearly seen in his own tei-m — "Der Ursprung und die Lage dieser 2 Zelle m und Wx stimmt so aufiallend mit denjenigen bei Polycladen
überein, "
In the same year a paper entitled " The Early Development of Planorl)is " was made public by Holmes. By a careful study of this author new liglit has been thrown on many points,
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTEOPADA. Öi>
especially concerning the fate of the cells. Kevertheless the alteration of the body-form in this species seems to be not so pronounced as in those I have studied. Holmes seems to think that the ultimate cause of such a transformation lies in the dif- ferent behaviour of the posterior cells of the third ectomere generation. Thus he goes on to say:- "we may view the earlier division of the cell oa and Sb as the first foreshadowing of bilateral cleavage." • By this expression it is quite evident that there is no special cell formation as in the cases described in the present paper. Such a gradual modification as is elucidated by the author is of a wide occurrence in the Molluscan egg and the change of symmetry by the cell formation near the posterior end of the body is demonstrated at present only in the species studied by myself. Nevertheless I believe that the same fact will here- after be confirmed in other forms.
It may not be useless to summarize here the main points brought out in the present investigation.
1. Throughout the whole process of cleavage it is observa- ble, that there is no fixed regularity in the course such as is expressed in the so-called law of alternation of spirals as stated by Wilson, Kofoid et al. Even the corresponding daughter- cells from the same blastomeres or ectomere-cells are propagated dif- ferently in different forms. The first generation of ectomere-cells is produced in S'qjhonaria and in Aplysia in spirals of opposite directions and even in the same species the cleavage sometimes takes place consecutively in the same direction, and not alternately to rio'ht and to left as has been observed in other forms.
:34 ART. 1. — T. FUJITA ! ON THE FORMATION
^Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind, that cleavage commences invariably from one or the other of the posterior blastomeres or its descendants.
2. After the second cleavage the opposite quadrants of the blastomeres usually come in jaxtaposition forming the cross furrow between. Kofoid has made the statement that the quadrants forming the furrow at the two opposite poles differ with species according to the amount of the deutoplasm in the egg. This does not hold good at least in the present cases. Siphonaria and Aplysia perhaps represent two extremes with regard to the quantity of the deutoplasm. Nevertheless, as has been seen, the cross furrow in these two species is formed at both poles by the same quadrants.
3. During the cleavage of the egg, the daughter-cells are disposed in a spiral form, that is, the individual cells shift their respective positions either toward the right or the left of their original positions. Such a spiral arrangement or symmetry is retained for some time. It is then abruptly transformed into a bilateral symmetry. This important phenomenon, so tar as I am aware, has been interpreted as due to the rearrangement of the component cells. It is true that in an advanced stage the disposition of the cells becomes altered ; but there is another im- portant factor which necessitates such a transformation of the body symmetry. The factor is the existence of certain new cells propagated from the fourth generation of ectomere-cells. Of the «iuartet which forms this generation, the two posterior cells give rise in a peculiar way to the daughter cells which I have called the bilateral cells. These play an important role in bringing about the change of the -body symmetry, which seems to take place in a comparatively short space of time. The period of
OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASïOROPODA. OO
his change is, as Wilson remarks, after the entoiiiere-cell differentiates itself from the left posterior ento-mesomere-cell, and takes its seat along the median axis. In other words, the bilateral symmetry appears just after the cells of the three germ-layers are distinguished. This corresponds with the stage when the sixth or seventh quartet of ectomeres is formed and the egg is com- posed of 29-33 cells as is shown in the tabulated form below. The exact period of the occurrence could not be expressed as it varies with the species, and even in the same species with the environment.
4. The cleavage of the mesomere-cell takes place after the bilateral symmetry is completely established. It is then subdivided into two equal halves, which stand in a strict bilateral symmetry with regard to the median axis. Shortly afterwards from each of these cells mesoderm- cells are propagated, which by the further division eventually form a layer. Hence, it is clear in these species that the mesoderm-cells take their first origin from the posterior quadrants of the blastomere as in many other species. The differentiation of the three germ-layers strictly speaking dates from the formation of the mesoderm-cells. It is at about the stage of the eighth generation of ectomere-cells in Siphoîiaria and of about the tenth generation in Ajjiysia. It is therefore the 42-cells stage in the former, while it is the 50-cells stage in the latter. Thus, the differentiation of the mesoderm-cells varies in time not only in the species named above, but also in all those forms before thoroughly investigated. The results of the present investigation as well as of those of other authors are compiled below^ in the form of tables to facilitate a comparative study of the Molluscan development : —
36
ART. 1. T. FUJITA : ON THE FORMATION
Tables showing the cell-lineage in Molluscan Egg.
b.c bilateral-cell ni mesomere-oell segmented
d entomere-cell m,, ni,, etc raesuderm-cells
ent entomere-cells excepted n generation <jf ectonieie-cell-
M mesome re-cell
I Siphon A RIA
7 hours
Order ot" (Jiiartet
I II III IV V VI VII VIII I XI X
9-10
II Aplysia
|
Order of Quartet |
X |
||||||||
|
1 |
I II |
III |
IV 1 V VI VII |
VIII |
IX |
||||
|
Egg |
Elastomere |
1 |
|||||||
|
!/' |
|||||||||
|
/ |
^h^ |
||||||||
|
U 1^1 |
|||||||||
|
^ |
~^~-— ^ |
||||||||
|
~-^_ |
L__ T'~^2.2 |
||||||||
|
^^ |
^^ |
b::::^- |
|||||||
|
-(ent.) |
~im,) |
||||||||
|
Ko. of Cells |
4 |
s 12 |
16 |
20 |
24 i ;îi |
;i9 |
4;; |
47 |
51 |
OF THE GERMINAL LAYEBS IX GASTOROPODA.
37
III Neritina (Bloclimaim)
|
Order of Quartet |
|||||||||||
|
] |
11 |
HI |
IV |
\' |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
IX |
X |
||
|
Egg |
Elastomere |
||||||||||
|
r |
|||||||||||
|
/ |
~H 2.1.1 - |
||||||||||
|
/"-- |
- |
"'•'■\ |
|||||||||
|
/ y |
"s-- |
^-- |
""""2.1.2 |
^^^ |
^«2. 1.1.1 |
||||||
|
"^^ |
— — |
------- |
____ |
--- |
"""•" 3. 1 |
-^1.2 |
|||||
|
--- |
""~'~ |
----_. |
J (MX 1(d) N |
\ |
|||||||
|
^^ |
^--^ |
-(ent.) |
\m) |
||||||||
|
Ni. of Cells |
4 |
S |
12 |
Ki |
L'l) |
•_'4 |
2S |
;;■) |
;î6 |
44 |
30 |
IV U31BRELLA (Heynions)
|
Order of Quartet |
|||||||||||
|
I |
II |
111 |
IV |
V |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
XI |
X |
||
|
Egg |
Elastomere |
||||||||||
|
f- |
- — — __ |
1.1 |
|||||||||
|
/ |
|
___ |
|||||||||
|
/">--. |
^^_ |
'l;.i |
|||||||||
|
— "j--. |
^^ |
^^^ |
~~~^ll.2 |
||||||||
|
^^^^^ |
-. |
--n,., |
~~^"2.2 |
||||||||
|
^;::;^ |
-<m).^ |
||||||||||
|
^-^ |
^'lll) -(ent.) |
||||||||||
|
Xo. of CelK |
4 |
8 |
12 |
1() |
2(1 |
24 |
29 |
.j.'> |
40 |
47 |
|
|
Time |
."ÎO hours |
4S |
0(1 |
72 |
72 |
70 |
DC) |
96 |
120 |
12(» |
ART. 1. — T. FUJITA.
Y LiMAX (Meisenheimer)
|
Order of Quartet |
|||||||||||
|
I |
II |
III |
lY |
^' |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
IX |
X |
||
|
Egg |
Elastomere |
||||||||||
|
/ '""" |
|||||||||||
|
/ |
n |
■ |
— |
|
— 11,.: |
||||||
|
y — |
--___ |
-•'^ |
|||||||||
|
/x |
2^ |
-- |
~-Jl,,,_, |
||||||||
|
--^ |
■-----, |
~— - |
~--- — |
^^^^^^ |
^-«3.1 |
~ ^ |
--n^.. |
||||
|
^^^ |
-^^ |
"~ |
|
i.(M) |
|||||||
|
--^ |
^eiit.) ~-(niO |
||||||||||
|
No. of Cells |
4 |
s |
12 |
IG |
20 |
24 |
28 |
;î2 |
.".6 |
45 |
51 |
These tables show, that in most cases the mesoderm forma- tion arises in the stage of the tenth generation of ectomere- cells and at about the period when the cells number 50 or more without any regard to the duration of time consumed in their development. Further we learn that the genealogy of the ectomere-cells up to the stage of the sixth generation follows almost the same course, although the order of development some- times varies with to species. And at the stage named, the diöer- entiation of the germ-layers is first attained in some species. By referring to the table it is furthermore evident that the amount of deutoplasm present in the egg seems not to have any causal effect on the rate of differentiation. In this respect, Ker'itina, an egg rich in deutoplasm, forms the germ-layers in the same stage as Li max, and S'q^honarla, which are scantily supplied with food-yolk.
Before closing I wish to express here my deepest obligations to Professors K. Mitsukuri and S. Watnsé for their kind super- vision of the present work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 39
Bibliography.
1. Blochmann, F .Ueber die Entwicklung der Neritina fluviati?.
Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd. XXXVI. 1882. "2. „ Beiträge znni Kenntnis der Entwicklung der
Gastropoden. Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd.
XXXVIII. 1883.
3. BoBRETZKY, N Studien über die embryonale Entwicklung der
Gastropoden. Arch. f. mikr. Anatomie Bd.
XIII. 1877.
4. BÜTSCHLi, 0 Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Beiträge. Zeitschr.
f. w. Zool. Bd. XXIX. 1877.
5. Carazzü, D L'embriologie dell' Aplysia limacina. Anat.
Anz. Bd. XVII. 1900.
-6. CoNKLi^^, E. G The Cleavage of the Ovum in Crepidula for-
nicata. Zool. Anz. 1892.
7. „ The Embryology of Crepidula. Journ. Mor-
phol. Vol. XIII. 1897.
8. Crampton, H. E Reversal of Cleavage in a Sinistral Gasteropod,
Annals N. Y. Acad. Sc. Vol. VIII. 1894.
9. „ Experimental Studies on Gasteropod Develop-
ment. Arch. f. Entvvicklungsmechanik d. Or- ganismen. Bd. III. 1896.
10. „ Observations upon Fertilization in Gasteropod.
Zool. Anz. 1897.
11. Erlanger, R. v Zur Entwicklung von Paludina vivipara. Mor-
phol. Jahrb. Bd. XVII. 1891.
12. „ Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gastro-
poden, I. Bithynia tentaculata. Mittheil, aus d. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel Bd. X. 1892.
13. „ Mittheilungen über Bau und Entwicklungeiniger
marinen Prosobranchien. Zool. Anz. 1892.
14. ,, Zur Bildung des Mesoderms bei der Paludina
vivipara. Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. XXII. 1894.
15. Fol, H Sur le développement des Gastéropodes Pul-
monés. Arch, de Zool. exp. et génér. Tome VIII. 1880.
40 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
IG. FujiTA, T Preliminary Note on the Mesoderm Formation
of Pulmonata. Zool. Mag. Vol. YII. 1895..
17. „ Notes of 8ome Experiments on Mollnscan Eggs.
Zool. Mag. Vol. VIII. 1896.
18. Georg EWiTCH, P. M..,.Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Aplysia depilans..
Anat. Anz. Bd. XVII. 1900.
19. GoETTE, A Bemerkungen über die Erabryonalentwicklung
der Anadon ta piscinalis. Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd. LII. 1891.
20. Haddon, a. C Notes on the development of Mollusca. Quart.
Journ. of Micr. Sc. Vol. XXII. 1882.
21. Hatscher, B Ueber die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Teredo.
Arb. aus d. Zool. Inst, zu Wien. Bd. III. 1880.
22. Heath, H The Development of Ischnochiton. Zool..
Jahrb. Bd. XII. 1899.
23. Heymons, E Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Umbrella me-
diterranea. Zeitschr. f.w. Zool. Bd. LVI. 1893..
24. Holmes, S. J The Early Development of Planorbis. Journ.
of Morph. Vol. XVI. 1900.
25. Horst, Pi On the Development of the European Oyster.
Quart. Journ. of Micr. Sc. Vol. XXII. 1882.
26. KiNPOWiTSCH, N Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Clione limacina.
Biolog. Centralbl. Bd. XI. 1891.
27. KoroiD, C. A On Some Laws of Cleavage in Limax. Proc.
of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sc. 1894.
28. „ On the Early Development of Limax. Bull, of
the Mus. of Comp. Zool. at Harv. Coll. Vol., XXVII. 1895.
29. KowALEVSKY, A Etude sur l'embryogénie du Dentale. Annal
du JMus. d'hist. Nat. de Marseille. Tome I. 1883.
30. „ Embryogénie du Chiton i)olii. Annal du Mus.
d'hist. nat. de Marseille Tome I. 1893.
31. LiLLiE, F. Pi The Embryology of the Unionidae. Juurn.
of Mor])!.. Vol. X. 1895.
32. Mark, E. L Maturation, Fecundation and Segmentation of
Limax cami)estris. Bull, of the Mus. of
Comp. Zool. at Harv. Coll. Vol. VI. 1881.
33. Meisenheiner, J Entwicklungsgeschichte von Limax maximiis.
Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd. LXII. 1896.
42 EXPLANATION OF FIGUlîRS.
Explanation of Figures.
AD the figures are drawn with a camera hioida. and are. unless otlier- wise designated, magnified with Zeiss I) x 4.
Reference letters used.
a. anterior ])lastomerp. M mesomere-cell.
<". egg. p. posterior hlastomere.
ÏC. left l)ilat(n'aj cell. ph. polar body.
in. mesomere-cell segmented. re. right l)ilateral cell. The arrow under the ectomere-cell indicates its course of cleavage and tJK' Roman numeral shows the order of the quartet to be formed. Figs. 1~?)6 illustrate the development of Siphonnrla. Figs. 37-00 illustrate tliat of Aplysia.
BIBLTOGRAPHY. 41
;Î4. Meisenheimer. J Ent\vicldnno;sp;osohichte von DreisPonHia p<>ly-
morplia Pall. Zeitpchr. f. w. Zo(^l. Pxl. TjXIX. 1901.
?,~). ]\[etcai,f, m Contributions to the Embryology of Chiton.
Stud, from the biolog. Labor, of the «lolin Mop- kins Univ. Vol. V. 1893.
?>C). Pattens, W The EmV)yology of Patella. Arb. ans dem
Zool. Inst, der Univ. Wien. Bd. VI. 1S8G.
o7. Sakasin, P Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bithynia tentaculata.
Arb. aus dem zool. zootom. Inst, zu Würzburg Bd. VI. 1883.
38. S<'iiMH>T, F Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschich-
te der tStylommatophoren. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. VIII. 189.5.
39. Stai'FFACHer, H Eibildung und Furchung bei Cyclas cornea.
Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturw. Bd. XXVIII. 1893.
40. TöNNiGES, C Die Bildung des Mesoderm bei Paludina vivi-
para. Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd. LXI. 189G.
41. Wterzejski, a Ueber die P^ntwicklung des Mesoderm bei Physa
fontinalis. BioL Centralbl. Bd. XVII. 1897.
42. Wilson, E. B The Cell-Lineage of Nereis. Journ. of Morph.
Vol. VI. 1892.
43. ZiE(ir,ER, E Entwicklung von Cyclas cornea. Zeitschr. f.
w. Zool. Bd. XLI. 188.>.
"TS'sfe'sr^-
T. I- 1. 1 ITA.
ON THE FORMATION OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTROPODA.
PLATE 1.
Plate I.
Fig. J. Egg mass of Slphoitarla tleposiletl uu ruck. Natural size. Arrow indicates the orientation of the animal during egg-de})osition.
Fig. 2. Three eggs magnified to show their manner of connection. ]<"'resh. Ax 2.
Fig. 3. Yolk splierules with vacuoles before disintegration. Fresh. E x 2.
Fig. 4. Egg after total disintegration of yolk spherules.
Fig. 5. First cleavage stage, two blastomeres being connected only by a narrow bridge. Fresh.
Fig. 6. {Second cleavage stage. Its commencement, from above. Fresh.
Fig. 7. Same stage, further advanced.
Fig. 8. Completion of the same stage. J31astomeres are now designated as A, the left anterior, B, tlie right anterior, C, the right [losterior, and ]), the left posterior.
Fig. 9. Cleavage of the first quartet of ectomere-cells. From ai)ical [)ole.
Fig. 10. »Same stage. From posterior side.
Fig. 11. Completion of the same stage, to show the position of cells. From a[)ical pole.
Fig. 12. Second ectomcre-quartet stage, showing its formation. A[)ical ^'i('w.
Fig. 13. Same stage. Posterior view.
Fig. 14. Commencement of third ectomere-quartet. Ajncal view.
Fig. 15. Cleavage of fourth and fifth ectomere-quartets. Horizontal section.
Fig. 16. Fifth ectomere-quartet stage with formation of entomere-cell Dj. Sagittal section.
Fig,' 17. Sixth ectomere-(|ua.rtet stage. Horizontal section.
Fig. 18. Formation of entomere-cell Dj. Horizontal section through ve- getative pole.
Fig. 10, Same stage. Sagittal section.
Fig. 2U. Cleavage of seventh ectomere-cpiartef. Jbjri/.ontal section through vegetative pole.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX., Art. /.. PI. I.
Ulk é Imp Th* Toki« Printinn Co
I. IUI I A.
THE FORMATION OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN OASTROPODA.
PLATE 11.
Plate II.
Fig. 21. Furmatioii of bilateral cells. Transverse section of a stii^e sliglitl}'
more advanced than in Fig. 20. Fig. 22. Formation of eighth ectomere-qnartet. Horizontal ^-ection thnnigh
a[)ical pole. Fig. 23. »Same stage. Transverse section. Fi<i'. 24. Stajie before cleavage of mesomere-cell ; a)nstrncted from .M'clions
so as to show the mutual relative position of cells. Cells furming
the ventral side of the egg are colored blue. Fig. 25. Cleavage of mesomere-. and entoraere-cells. Horizontal section
through vegetative pole. Fig. 2G. Cleavage of mesomere-cell M. Transverse section. Fig. 27. Completion of same stage, showing the relative [)osition of ecto-
mere-quartets. Horizontal section. Fig. 28. Formation of tirst mesoderm-cells. Sagittal section. Fig. 29. Same stage. Transverse section. Fig. 30. Stage after formation of tenth ectomere-qnartet. Horizontal section
near vegetative pole. Fig. 31. Horizontal section through vegetative pole, showing complete en- closure of mesomere-cells l^y epibolic growth of entoderm-cells. Fig. 32. Cleavage of second mesoderm-cells. Horizontal section. Fig. 33. Same stage. Sagittal section.
Fig. 34. Formation of second entoderm-cells. Horizontal section. Fig. 35. Cleavage of third mesoderm-cells. Transverse section of the [»osterior
side. Fig. 36. Formation of fourth mesoderm-cells. Sagittal section. J''ig. 37. Eggs of Aplysia. Fresh. Fig. 38. Same, highly magniüed. Fresh.
Fig. 39. Conuuencement of tirst cleavage stage. Side view. Fresh. Fig. 40. Formation of blastomere -cells. Side view.
Fig. 41. A slightly more advanced stage of Fig. 40. A}»ical vi(;w. Fresh. Fig. 42. Com[)letion of same stage, showing the pro[)er positions of blasto-
meres. Apical view. Fresh.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX., Art. I. PI. II.
iJlk d- Imp The Tokio Pnntim Co.
I. Il JIIA.
ON THE FORMATION OF THE GERMINAL LAYERS IN GASTRfiPODA.
PLATE III.
L'
Plate III.
'^. 43. Formation of first ectoniere-qnartot. Apical view.
g. 44. Samo stage, Eight side view.
g. 45. Formation of second ectomere-qnartet. A[)ica] view.
g. 4G. Same stage. Posterior view.
g. 47. Same stage. Left side view.
g. 4S. Simultaneous formation of third and i'oiirth eetoinere-((nart<'ts sfagxv^.
Apical view, g. 49. Same stage. Posterior vie\v. g. 50. Same stage. Optical sagittal section, g. .51. Formation of rifth ectomere-qnartet stage. A[»ical view, g. 52. Same stage. ( )ptical transverse section, g. 53. Cleavage oi sixth ectomere-qnartet, and formation of bilateral cells.
Optical horizontal section. g. 54. Same stage, with formation of seventh ectomere-qnartet, and
entomere-cell D,. Sagittal section. g. ~)5. Same stage, with formation of hilateral cells. Horizontal section. g. .~)G. Cleavage of mesomere-cell. ( )ptical horizontal section, g. 57. Formation of first entoderm-cells. 0|itical horizontal section, g. 58. Completion of same stage. Optical transverse sectitm.
59. Stage liefore formation of mesoderm-cell »?, showing the arrangement
of cells. Cells on ventral side are colored l)lne. (iO. Formation of first mesod(M'm-cell stage. 0[itical horizontal section.
Jour. Sel. Coll. Vol. XX., Art. I. PI. III.
/m
''1 ho
h'i'i. ih
'2.1 ^ r.
Fi g. 51
1 ":' f^ c,.
J-'io. 5U
L^ r
rf3 -'j;li^/^
rf.,
Fut. 'A
Wim
^i 6i, ^1.1
Fi«. 53
ri "i'^ ''» '"' ''i.ï
I i , ' '■5^.
/^,'
Fij? 55
2 ''ïi^^li'!^-' ^<^ *^
t"fi 5h
/ï^. 57
t«i. 59
lÀlh & Imp The Toki« Printing Co.
„i 1'
Fig- 58
m, "2.1.1 rr '
Fig. 6('
JOURNAL OF THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY, TOKYO, JAPAN.
VOL. XX., ARTICLE 2.
Cretaceous Cephalopoda from the Hokkaido.
PART II.i)
Tum'lffes, Jlelirorevas, JfcferoceraSf JSipjfonifes,
Olcosteph runts, Dtsiaocrras, Ilnitericpi'fts,
and an atidetei'iinned (Jenas.
By
Hisakatsu Yabe, RigakusM. University Hall, Imperial Univ. of Tokyo.
IFith 6 plates
TURRILITES Lam.
D'Orbigny l)ronglit nearly all of the tiirreted forms of Ammonites under one of tlie three genera, Turrilites, Helicoceras, and Heteroccras, distinguishing at the same time two groups in the first genus, namely Turrilites roiundati and T. angulati.
1) Since the publication of the first part of this memoir, a number of valuable papers relating to foreign Cretaceous Cephalopod fauna have appeared both in Europe and America. First of all, mention must be made of the works of Dr. F. M. Anderson (Cretaceous De- posits of the Pacific Coast, 1902) and of Dr. J. F. Whiikaves (On some Additional Fossils from the Vancouver Cretaceous, 1903), to botli of whom we are indebted for mucli accurate and important knowledge concerning the Cretaceous deposits of the region along the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. A comparison of the results of these papers with those reached by Professors Yokoyama and Jimbo and the present writer, will at once bring out some remarkable faunistic resemblances between the deposits of California and
2 ART. 2. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
Soon after D'Orbigny, Quenstedt^- considered the separation of Helicoceras from Tunnlites quite unnecessary, while Sharpe^' and Stoliczka'^^ were of opinion that the so-called group of T. 7'otundaü should be brought under the genus Helicoceras, retain- ing the name Tiirrilites only for the T. cmc/ulaii of D'Orbigky. Pjctet/^ however, proposed to divide Helicoceras into two groups, the one having a short spire and widely separated volutions and the other showing a high s^iire and less Avidely separated volutions. The first of these groups he called Helicoceras proper, while the second as well as the group, T. roiundati, were considered by him to be distinct genera.
Meek'*^ like D'Orbigny took Helicoceras in the most restricted sense and divided it into Helicoceras proper, Patoceras, and
Canada on the one side, and those of tlie Hokkaido on the other. A discussion of these, however, the writer intends to put forth in the last part of this work.
As to the new fossil localities in the Hokkaido, no important addition to our know- ledge has been made during recent years ; but several new forms have been brought back by geologists who have lately visited the localities already known. Among these, the writer Avould mention a valuable collection made by Prof. Yokoyajnia at Urakawa, a locality that had not been visited by geologists for more than twenty years.
During the last four years, the writer has devoted mucli time to the study of- the morphology of the Hokkaido Ammonites, and has also taken the opportunity of making himself acquainted with the development of several of tiieir predominating types, for it has now become clear that a mere morphological study of adult specimens is not sufficient for the establishment of their real affinities, and that by the study of their development only can such knowledge attained. Consequently, the result obtained from this side of the be study is also occasionally embodied in the following descriptions.
In this second part, the following genera are described : —
1) Turrilites, Helicoceran, Uderoccras and Nip-ponitci<.
2) Olcostcplianus.
'.'>) Desnto<;er((s and Jlauericcms.
There is also one species whose generic position is still undetermined.
The order in which tlie different groups are here treated is not due to the jiresence of any mutual relations existing among them but merely for the sake of convenience and of avoiding too long a delay in the ])ub]ication of the paper.
1) Quenstedt: Petrefaktenkimde Deutschlands. I. Ceplialopoden. P. 297.
2) Sharpe: Mollusca of tlie Ciuilk. P. 59.
3) Stouczka : I.e. p. 18;{.
4) Pictkt: Paléont. Suiss. Foss. de Ste. Croix. P. ]20.
0) Meek: Invert, ('ret. and Tort. Foss. of the Fjipcr Missouri Comity, p. -IS-").
ci: PII A LU rO DA FROM TRE JIOKKAIDO. ö
/Spirocenfs. Stoliczka" said tluit " tlic poyitioii uf the sipliuncle iuid the symmetrical or iin symmetrical division of the sutures ought to be regarded as a much better distinguishing character than the kind of volutions," while Meek'"^ argued, "it seems not justified to unite typical Ilelicoceras characterized by very slender, widely separated volutions, forming so broad a curve as to give origin to a verv wide umbilical cavity and Turrilites roiuiidatl, generally provided with much rounded, contiguous whorls."
ZriTEL,"' in his Handbuch, accepted four subgenera of Turri- Utes, namely Turrilltei^ s. str., Liiidr/ia (? Hell cane i/kcs), Ile- ieroceras, and Helicocei'as.
Remarkably different from the views above alluded to, are those held by Neumayr and Hyatt. Neumayr"^' believed that Hdicoceraa together with Toxoceras, Anisoceras, Plychoceras and others should be In'ought under the genus H(f)ii,ües (in the wide sense), while he placed Heteroceras near to Crioceras, a genus which according to him is tolerably distinct from Turriliies and Ilamiles,
According to a later publication of Hyatt,^^ these secondary forms have no afHnity with Lytoceras and its allies, and conse- quently are brought by him under Acanthoceratida and Cos- moceratida. The genera which are treated as Acanthoceratids are Helicoceras, Heteroceras, and Lindgla, which form his family of Hamitidfc. . Of those placed under Cosmoceratida, Bostrycoceras Hyatt is treated under Nostoceratidse, Helicancylus under An- cyloceratidœ, Turriliies and Osilingoceras Hyatt under Turrilitidse, and Hyphantoceras Hyatt under Anisoceratidie.
1) Stui-iczka : i.e. p. Js:).
2) Mekk : I.e. p. 487.
Ö) Zittel: Handhncli tier Palaeontologie, I, 2. p. 44Ô.
4) Xeujiayr; Die Ammoniteii der Kreide n. Systematik; d. Arunioiiitiden, pp. 894, 938.
5) Hyatt: Cephalopoda in Zittkl's Text P>ook of Palaeontology, translated by Eastman.
4 AllT. 2. — H. YA13E : CRETACEOUS
111 the study of the Cretaceous Cephalopodii, one of the most difficult tasks is to deHue the exact limits of the diifeient genera established ou the turreted forms of Ammonites. Hyatt's classi- fication by creation of many new genera may possibly be an improvement to the previously existing ones but it cannot Ije followed here, for the generic diagnoses and discussions on the taxonomy are not yet published. Therefore, the j^resent writer is obliged to follow the old and well known classification of D'Orbigny as modified by Sharfe and Stoliczka tliuugh it is apparently unnatural. Yet, it is quite necessary to create a new genus, as there is one specimen which entirely diifers frum the known types in the develojmient of its shell.
The group Turriliies, in its most comprehensive sense, foi'ins a rather inconspicuous element in our fauna. Notwithstanding their display of various modifications in the upper Ammonite- beds, specimens are rare in all the localities, so that the descrip- tion of several species of them must be left imperfect. Besides those from the upper Ammonite-beds, two species of the Ceno- manian ty[)es are also described below. These the writer considers as specially important, for the fauna of the lower horizons is very poor.
TURRILITES cfr. BERGERI Jîrongniakt. PL HI., fig. 1.
1902. Turrilites cfr. 3Iantelli Yabe : List Cret. Amm. Hok- kaido in the Outline of the (leology of Japan. 2"'^ Edi- tion. rJ02.
CEl'HALOrODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. Ö
Compare :
1840. T. Bergen D'Orbigny : Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret. Tome I.,
p. 590, pi CXLIIL, ligs. 3-G. 1847. T. Boyerl Pictet et I^oux : UoW. des Grè.s Verts.,
p. 148, pi. XV., fig. 8. 1847. ,, ,, QuENSTEUï : Pctief. Deutseli., L, p. oOO,
pi. XXL, lig. 2G. 1856. „ „ Shaepe : Moll, of the Clialk, p. 6Ö, pi.
XXVL, figs. 9-11. 18(31. „ ,, PiCTET et Campiche : Saiiite-Croix. T. XL,
p. 134, pi. LVIIL, fig. 1-5. 1866. ,, ,, ÖTOLiczKA : Cret. Cepli. 8outli India, p.
185, pi. LXXXVI., figs. 3-6. 1897. ,, ,, KossMAT : Öüdindisclie Kreidef. p. 45. 1903. ,, ,, Choffat : Lc Cret. de Condiicia, p. 15, pi.
I., figs. 3-5. Öliell turreted, sinistral, with an apieal angle of about 10°. Whorls contiguous, slowly increasing in size ; rounded externally, and slightly concave on the upper side. Umbilicus very narrow. External surface furnished with four rows of numerous short and laterally compressed spines, the upper two of which are a little closer together than the others. Also the luunber and size of s})ines in the two upper rows (about 32 on the last volution) are ditlerent from those in the lower ones, those of the latter being- very slightly larger in size and fewer in number. The upper- most row of spines is concealed under the succeeding whorl. There are also feeble traces of ribs on the upper and lower surfaces of the whorl. The number of these equals that of the spines on it.
The septum has not been seen.
G ART. -2. — II. YABE : CRETACEOUS
Only a single fragment of this shell having been found, it is hardly possible to get a general idea of its shape and sculpture. The writer has long been under the impression that it resembles more or less clearly 7\ 3IanlclU Shaupe, but the slender, elongate outline of the shell and the four rows of spines on the whorls being not nuich différent in size and number, seem to show that it is more closely related to T. Berger I Bron(;niart. Among the figures of the said species from foreign Cretaceous deposits, which are accessible to the writer, that of a fragment with tW'O contiguous whorls from the Chloritic JMarl of Jîonchurch, Jsle of Wight (shown by Sharpe in his PL XXVII. , iig. 10) exhibits the closest resemblances.
Stoliczk.v descril)es the tubercles of T. Berger I as often s})inose and sharp, but none of his figures shows tubercles so sharp, and laterally so compiessed as in our specimen which in this respect comes closer to an immature one figured by Sharfe in his monograph (PI. XXVI., fig. 11).
In point of the existence of only a slight ditlerence in the size and number of spines in the upper and the lower rows, this species resembles 2\ BlanicMl more than T. Bcrgerl, while the close arrangement of the spines in each row makes it re- semble T. Bergerl var. 'miliaris (Pictet et Campiche : 1. c.
fig. .-,).
Taking these several points into consideration, it appears to be quite evident that this form is specifically distinct, not only from T. Bergerl and T. Mantelli, but also from all others hither- to described, the nearest ally however being T. Bergerl.
Jjucality — The Popet, near the mouth of the ^Sanushilje.
Horizon : — Lower Ammonite-beds.
X^orcign localities and horizons of T. Berger} and 1\ Matltelll :
CErHALOrODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 7
— T. Jiei'gerl Brongniart occurs in tlic deposits of the All)i;in, Vraconiaii and Cenomanian ages of England (Chalk with green grains at Chardstock), France (Cenomanian of Bavet, Anxon ; Albian of Aignlun and Savoy), Austria, Switzerland and Italy. This species has also been found in Algeria associated with Turriliies costatus and Acanfhoceras rolo/if/r/e/i.^e, and in Condncia together with BcJcinnHci< minlnnis Lister, PhyUocevd^ cfr, semi- xtrhilum. D'OiîB. and Acanihoceras hitichiv'niin var. inoçatnhlquensh Choffat. Stoliczka calls it a connnon fossil of the Utatur group of Odium and Moravatur, South India.
T. Mantelli has l)een met with in the Gray Chalk of Sussex and the Tourtia of Essen.
TURRILITES KOMOTAI m.
Pis. I. and II. Dimensions : —
Height of th(^. 8i>ire. 18.0 cm.
Diameter of the last volution. 18.0 ,,
Width of the niiihiliciis. 6.0 ,,
Height of the last whorl. G..3 „
Breadth of tlie last whorl. 7.0 „
Shell sinistral, composed of numerous contiguous whorls,^^ rapidly increasing in size, with an apical angle of about 70°. Whorls rounded externally, slightly convex on the upper and concave on the lower snrface. Section of the whorl nearly el- liptical, somewhat broader than high ; rather trapezoidal in the last volution. Suture of the spire deep. Umbilicus moderately
1) Only four volntinis are present in the specimen, three or four otliers near the apex havina; been broken ud'.
8 ART. 2. — II. YABE : CRETACEOUS
wide, being about one tliird the diameter of the last vohition. Surfîice with ribs and spines, the former arranged in two series and the latter in four rows. The ribs on the upper part of the whorl are numerous and flat, separated by wide intervals ; they are oblique, bending strongly forward, distinct near the external side, ])ut gradually becoming feeble townixl the umbilicus. Each of these ribs bears tliree short spines, close to the external side ; they are moderately sharp and compressed in the spiral direction. The external surface of the whorl shows a second series of ribs which are much broader than those of the first series and al)Out a half their numl)er. The ribs of this series are also slightly oblique and somewhat concave in front, with flat intervals of almost the same width as the ri])s themselves. The middle portion of each of these ribs on the body whorl carries a long spine. The sj^ines are more or less trigonal in a transverse section, rounded behind, and flattened in front. Their surface is orna- mented with fine lines of growth, in addition to a delicate median line on the flat side. Most of the spines on the other whorls have been cast off, and the remaining basal portions which look like tubercles are usually covered with a thin calcareous layer. The umbilical side of the whorl is smooth while the basal sur- face shows the impression corresponding to the surface marking of the upper side of the foregoing volution.
The specimen is unfortunately not in a condition to show the position of the siphuncle, nor all the ramifications of the lobes and saddles which are only partly thougli distinctly seen on the whorl near the apex.
T. Komotai is related to T. Cunliffianus Stol.'^ from the Utatur Group of Odium, South India, although the distinction
1) Stqmczka: Cret. S. Indiii, p. 190, pi. LXXXIX. %
CEPHALOPODA FPvOî\[ THE HOKKAIDO. 9
18 (|uitc obvious. In tlio Indian species, tlic niinil)er of ribs on tlie upper side of the wliorl is nearly equal to that of the ribs on the lateral side, or to that of the tubercles arranged in two rows between the upper and lower series of ribs, l>ut moi-e numerous than that of the tubercles in the lowest row.
Locality and horizon : — This majestic form of Turrllitei< is at present represented only by a single specimen which has been found by J\lr. Komota in a marly nodule found Itolow a cliff of the Ikushum])ets directly above the coal mine.
The matrix of this specimen is a sandy marl, dark grey in color, and compact in texture, agreeing in every respect with that of the nodules in the sandstone of the cliff above cited. There- fore there is no dou])t that the specimen came from that locality, as is also showu by the presence of an impression of Blargarita funiculclta Yokoyama on the matrix of this specimen, a (lasteropoda very common in tlie above sandstone. This sandstone cliff is the chief locality of the typical fossils of the lower Acanthoceras-zone.
The writer has much pleasure in associating with this species the name of its collector JMr. Komota who w\as kind enough to present it to the museum of the Geological Department of the Tokyo University.
HELICOCERAS SCALARE m.
PI. III., figs. 2 and 3.
Shell helicoid, forming a. widely open coil ; either sinistral or dextral. Whorls circular or subcircnlar in section, gradually enlarging anteriorly. Surface with numerous transverse ribs.
10 ART. 2. H. Y A BE I CRETACEOUS
separated from one another b}^ a tolerably broad and flat interval. Kibs sharj), always simple and smooth, becoming somewhat feebler and more flexuous on the umbilical side.
The suture line has been only partly examined. It shows a single lateral saddle and lobe, both of which are twice deeply bifid and finely incised. The siphonal saddle is slightly higher than the lateral one.
One of the specimens (fig. 2.) is from the Sraphites-heds of the Opiraushibets. It is nearly a volution of a sinistral shell, less than 4 mm. in diameter at the smaller end, and about 8 mm. at the other end. One half of this whorl is furnished with 45 ribs of which 8 are broader and more elevated than the others, especially on the outer side. The smaller ribs which are found between these larger ones number 4 to 10. All the ribs are ai- ranged transversely, except near the larger end of the whorl ^vhere they are a little oblique.
The second specimen is from the Yril)arigawa. It is a volu- tion of a dextral shell, a little larger than the one mentioned above. As in Heieroceras Otsukai,^^ the siphon bends downward from the median line at a certain point of the external side of the whorl.
Another example drawn in fig. 3, pi. III., is a small frag- ment of a larger, dextral shell. These figures show in suflficient clearness the mode of arrangement of the ribs on the whorl.
Localities : — The middle course of the Opiraushibets, and the Yflbarigawa. Four specimens from the former locality and the two from the latter have been examined.
Horizon : — Scaphites-heds.
\) Vide p. 1.").
CEPHALOPODA FEOM THE HOKlvAIDÔ. 11
HELICOCERAS (?) VENUSTÜM m. ri. III., fig. 4; pi. v., iigs. 1 and 2.
VJO'2. IlamUcs vcnustus Yabe : the Li.st of Aniinoiiites from the Cretaceous of the Hokkaido, in Outlines of the Geology of Japan : ])escriptive Text to accompany the Geological Map of the Empire.
Shell sinistral, forming a helicoid spiral of a very wide coil. AYliorls slender, very slowly increasing in diameter toward the anterior end ; subcircular in cross-section when young, transversely oblong in the aged specimens. Surfece with numerous transverse stricC and periodic ribs, the latter hardly distinguishable from the former on the umbilical side, but becoming gradually higher toward the external side, until they are most elevated on the upper side, each being here furnished with two tubercles. In- tercalated striœ numerous, simple, smooth and uniform, becoming- somewhat feebler on the umbilical surface ; their intervals vary from 1.0 mm. to O.o mm. Both striae and periodic ribs maintain a slightly oblique course.
The suture line is only partly visible. It is apparently very similar to that of the preceding species, being divided into three bifid saddles and a corresponding number of similarly bifid lobes on either side of the siphonal line. These saddles and lobes are nearly uniform in size and are moderately incised. The external lobe is somewhat shallower than the others. The siphon is on the median line of the external surface of the whorl.
There are two specimens of this pretty species in the writer's collection, one of which is from lower part of the Tachyducus- beds, exposed along a right triljutury of the Saushi-sanushibe.
12 APvï. 2. H. Y A BE : CRETACEOUS
It is a young volution with tlie umbilicus 5.5 cm. wide and the larger end 1.3 cm. bj-oad. The other one which is from the /Scaph!tes-h(idH of the Opiraushibels, is a fragment of the septate portion of a larger shell.
The present species is evidently related to Heleroceras cendopse Anderson'* from the Smith ranch, east of Pha-nix, Oregon, for they have many points of resemblance in the general form and size of the shell and also in the character of the ribs. Indeed, the resemblance is so close that their separation into two distinct species may be donl)ted. But according to the description of Anderson, the American fjrni possesses periodic ribs whose highest elevation is on the siphonal line and is not so elevated on the upper side as in the Japanese specimens. Although the difference seems to be tiitling, yet the writer considers it prudent at present to regard them as two distinct species.
The discovery of more materials from both sides of the Pacific wdll doul)tless throw light on this question.
Localities and horizons: — The lower horizon of the Pachydiscus- beds of the Saushi-sanu.sliibe, Iburi Prov., and the fSc(fp/iik'S-hQds of the Upiraushibets, Teshio Prov. (Jne specimen from each locality.
HETEROCERAS (?» OSHIMAI m. IM. III., ligs. 5 and C
Shell tui-reted, sinistral ; vohilions free, especially near the anterior end. Whorls growing slowly ; obliquely elliptical in section ; the surface carrying both ribs and tubercles. Kibs
1) Andkksok : Cretaceous Deposits of tin/ Fucllie Coast. Proc. Calif. Aead. Sei. old Series. Vol. 11., no. 1, p. 'Jl, pi. LII., ligs. K.HMOl.
CEi'HALOrODA FROM THE JIOKKATDÔ. 13
numerous, the last volution liaving 45, separated by intervals wider than their breadth. l\ibs uniform in size except on the upper border of the whorl, where the tuberculatud ones become thicker, while the smooth ones become more faint ; arranged obliquely, curving backward ou the lower l)order and forward on the upper. fSome of the ribs bear four tubercles or more coi'rectly rounded spines which form four horizontal rows, two on the upper border, one in the middle of the external side and another on the lower border, and these tul)crculated ribs altei'uate Avith 1-4 smooth ones. Tubercles subeipial in size. Internal side of the whorl nearly smooth.
Of tlii^5 species there is a non-septete fragment of moderately large size composed of two circuits, of which the posterior circuit and one half of the other are very close together although not quite in contact, while the remaining half is detached from the other part. The specimen is represented in pi. III., fig. 5.
The second example, which proba1-)ly belongs to the same species, is a young shell, very loosely twisted and ornamented with distinct, narrow^ oblique ribs alternately bearing two short spines on the upper border (fig. 6).
I have not yet seen the suture line of this species, but the other characters are enough to distinguish it from any known species of Turrilites. The nearest approach to the Japanese form is made by T. Reussianus D'Orbigny, from which it differs in having very oblique, fiexuous and subequal ribs. Still their resemblance is so great that they must be considered as closely allied forms.
T. HeussiauLis is placed by Schlütek^^ under the genus
1) C. SchlCter: Cepluilopoden d. oberen deutsch. Kreide. IST!. P. lO'J, pi. XXXII., iigä. lo-21 ; pl. XXXIII., lig. 1. — A. Fiarricii u. U. Sculoknjî.vcu : Cei>li. d. böli m. Kreidet".
14 ART. 2. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
Heteroceras, while Fritsch and others bring it under Helicoceras. Recently, however, Hyatt^' raised it to the type of his genus Hyph aniocerru.
T. Remsianus occurs in the Reuss Ian us -zone of England and Northwestern Germany, in the zone of J^Jpiasicr brevis of France, in the Pläner Kalk of 8axony and the Priesen beds of Bohemia.
The species is named in honour of Dr. R. Oshima of the Hokkaido Colliery Railway Company in recognition of his courtesy oiïered to the writer and his kind interest taken in this palaeon- toloa;ical stud v.
Localities : — The larger specimen was obtained in situ near the confluence of the Yoshiashizawa with the Ikushumbets, and the smaller one in the upper course of the Shi-kuruki, a tributary of the Yübarigawa.
Horizon : — ScophUes- beds.
HETEROCERAS (0 OTSÜKAI m. PL IV., figs. 1-2., ph VL, lig. 7.
1894. Ti/rrilUes sp. Jimbö : Beiträge z. Kennt, d. Fauna d.
Kreidef. Hokkaido, p. 41, pi. I. (XVII.), ligs. 8, 8a. Shell turreted, volutions free, sometimes sinistral and some- times dextral ; the anterior ones making occasionally a narrower
V. 47, ].l. Xrrr, % lO?; pi. XIV., %s. 14-19 C/H-IS); pi. XVI., fig. 9?— a. Fritsch: Stinlieii ini (.rebiete tier l)oliiii. Kreidef. IV. Die Iberscliiclileii, p. 92, tig. 44. V. Prieseiier Sc'liiclUen, p. 79, fig. 02. — II. Wood: The Mollusca of the Chalk Rock. Pt. 1. Quart. Jonr. Gcol. Soc. London. Vol. LIT. 189(>. P. 74, pi. II., figs. 3-5.
1) Hyatt: Cephalopoda in Zittel's Text Book of Palaeontology, translated by East- man. IS'J'J. V. o76.
CEPlIALOrODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 15
coil than the posterior, at times a wider one. Umbilicus as wide as the breadth of the whorl. Whorls slowly increasing in diameter with growth, nearly round or somewhat transversely oblong in section and ornamented with numerous ribs (about 50 on a volu- tion). Ribs uniform, smooth, usually simple, rarely bifid; arranged slightl}^ obliquely ; moderately sharp but broad at the l^ase on the external side, thence becoming gradually narrower toward the upper border and suddenly toward the lower border, while they are fine, though still distinct, on the umbilical side. Interspaces between the ribs flat or slightly concave, being twice as broad as the ribs.
Suture line partly known. External lobe shallow, with a high broad siphonal saddle ; first lateral lobe very broad, regularly bifurcating twice; external saddle symmetrically bipartite, inclining inward ; first lateral saddle broad and also bifid. All the lobes and saddles are finely serrated.
Of the three examples of this species hitherto found, one (pi. IV., fig. 2.) is a partly septate fragment composed of I2 volutions, measuring 2.5 cm. in diameter at the smaller end. Where the shell is not preserved the ribs appear broad and round, separated by very shallow furrows. The suture line and the siphuncle are also seen in the part above alluded to. The siphuncle is abnormal, being pushed down anteriorly from the normal median position on the external side of the whorl. A quite similar cnse has already been noticed by F. B. Meek on n shell of HeteTOceras tortum Meek and Hayden.^'
The second specimen (pi. IV., fig. 1.) is a somewhat smaller one, composed also of le volutions.
1) Meek : Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. Upp. Missouri County. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories. Vol. TX., ISTO. P. 4SI, pi. XXIT., fi^s. 4a, I., c.
16 AUT. 2. H. YABE 1 CRETACEOUS
Turrilites sp. of Jimbö is a small specimen, of ill preservation, l)nt its form and surface markings are so like the two individuals above described tliat it may safely be regarded as belonging to the same species.
Compare Heterocerns elongcdnm Wptiteaves^^ from the Na- naimo group of Vancouver. Though decidedly distinct, the two show certain similarities in their characters.
The writer takes this opportunity of associating with this species the name of Mr. ( )T8ur\:A of the Imperial Geological Survey, who once undertook a geological trij^ in the IMesozoic district along the upper course of the Yubarigawa.
Localities and horizon : — The first specimen was picked up in the river bed of the Yubarigawa above the confluence of its right branch, the Wenhorokabets, with it, while the second is from the Pachydi^nis-heds of the Kikumezawa, a tributary of the Ikushumbets. Jdebo's specimen is lal)elled " Ponnaibuts, a place close to the town of Urakawa, Hidaka Prov."
Vae. MULTICOSTATA m. PI. III., fig. 9; pi. IV., fig. 3; pi. VI., fig. S.
Under this head, the writer brings four fragments of turreted shells which in their generjd ]ia])it agree fairly well with the typical species, but differ in having more open coils, slender whorls, and narrower and more numerous ribs. Consequently, the ribs of these shells are set more closel}^ and also more obliquely than in the typical species.
1) WiiiTKAVES; Mosozoic Fossils. Pt. 2, ji. 100, pi. XII. Pt. 5, p. 3;31, pi. XUV., %. 2.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 17
All these distinguishing characters, however, vary much among the specimens. One of these specimens approaching the typical species in the surfoce marking possesses, at the same time, whorls not so widely open as in the others, thus undoulttedly forming a connective link between the typical species and the above mentioned type of the variety. A specimen representing the opposite extremity of variation shows a suture line which does not essentially differ from that of the typical species (fig. 8). There is another specimen from the Shisanushibe which the Avriter with some hesitation refers to the same variety.
Localities: — The four specimens above mentioned are from (1) the Opiraushibets where it was found as a pebble close to the confluence of the Panke-kenebets (fig. o), (2) the Opiraushibets in its middle course, (3) the Shisanushibe, a tri1)utary of the Popet, and (4) the Yilbarigawa (fig. {)). The specimen from the last locality was found in the collection of Jimp.ö.
Horizon : — All the specimens being obtaii:ed from among the river gravels, the exact geological horizon in ^vhich they occur is of course unknown. But the one from the middle course of the Opiraushibets was found associated with Scaphiles puerculus Jimbö in a marly nodule ; hence, there is a great probability, that it was derived from the extensive Seaphiies-he(\^ in the neighborhood of the above river.
HETEROCERAS (?) JAPONICUM m. PL III., fig. 8.
1902. Turrililes cfr. Indicus Yabe : List of Ammonites from the Cretaceous of the Hokkaido, in Outlines of the
18 ART. -2. — H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
Geology of Japan : Descriptive Text accompanying the Geological ]Map of the Empire.
The writer proposes the following diagnosis by examining a specimen with two volutions of the anterior portion of the shell preserved.
Shell dextral, narrowly elongated ; volutions widely apart longitudinally ; umbilicus moderate in width. Whorls somewhat obliquely elongated in cross-section. Surface ornamented with numerous ribs aud also some periodic ones. Kibs strong, simple, smooth and uniform, transverse and nearly straight on the external surface of the whorls, curving gently on the inner upper margin and thinning gradually inside ; intervals wide (about 2 ram. on the average), smooth and flat. Periodic ribs very remote from one another, one on two volutions, somewhat broader and much higher than the other ribs. Septation unknown.
It is by no means certain that the present species is specifically distinct from T. indicus Stoliczka^^ The Indian species is provided with volutions, contiguous when young and detached in the advanced stage of growth with the ribs also nearly similar in characters, the only difference l)eing in that the deeper periodic furrows are bounded behind by a strong rib. According to KossMAT,'-^ Heteroceras indicum is a species resembling H. poly- plocihm Rœmek but distinguished by its constantly smaller size and total absence of tubercles which often appear on the surface of the whorl of //. jwlyplocum.
F. M. Axderson"^^ referred a small form from Oregon, coiled in a flat spiral, to //. indicum with query. The whorl of the
1) Stoliczka : Cret. S. Ind., p. 184, pi. LXXXVI., figs. 1-2. Kossmat : Untsuch. ii. d. siidind. Kreidef., \>. 14.'!, pi. XX., figs. 5 and 6.
2) Kossmat: 1. c. p. 143:
o) An-derson : Cretaceous Deposits of the Pacific Coast. 1902. P. 91, pi. III., figs. 96-97.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 19
American specimen is described as showing three or four con- strictions, besides the numerous ribs of the ordinary kind.
Besides the specimen on which the above descrij^tion is based, there is another from the Opiraushibets which is much more fragmentary, and which therefore the writer refers with much hesitation to the same species.
Localities : — The Yubarigawa, Isliikari Prov. (figured), and the Opiraushibets, Teshio Prov.
Horizon : — Upper Ammonite-beds.
Localities and horizons of the allied species : —
H. indlcum Stol. The uppermost lied of the Trichinopolv group of South India.
H. indicum Stol. (?). The lower Cliico group of Smith ranch near Phœnix, Oregon.
HETEROCERAS (?) ORIENTALE m. PL IIL, fig. 7.
There are two internal casts of a shell which the writer takes for a new species. The larger and better of these two specimens, has only one and a half volutions preserved. The diagnosis runs as follow^s : —
Shell sinistral, very much elongated longitudinally. Vo- lutions slender, increasing in size gradually toward the anterior portion, making very oblique and open coils. Whorls oblong in cross-section with the longer axis oblique to the axis of volution. Surface marked with very flexuous, transverse ribs except on the smooth inner side. Kibs slightly irregular in size, usually simple
20 ART. li. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
and strong l)üt not seldom bifurcating and then weaker ; they make a l)ackward curve on the lower marsjin and another forward one near the upper, whei'e sooner or later they disappear. In- tervals also not quite uniform, the breadth varying from 2 mm. to o mm. Tubercles rather prominent, arranged in four rows of which three are on the external side and one on the lower margin. All the rows are equidistant from one another and parallel to the suture except on the last portion of the shell in which they are more or less oblique to the latter. Kibs, except weak and short ones, bear a set of tul)ercles.
Although this species agrees with T. cfr. Bergeri^^ in having four rows of tubercles and transverse ribs, yet there seems to Ije no further resemblance between the two. Helicoceras hystricvluiih White'-' from the Cretaceous of Sergipe, South America, represents a species probably belonging to the same type as ours. Excepting this H. hystricuhuii, the writer is at present unaquainted with any form which makes even a distant approach to the Japanese shell.
Localities : — The Ikushumbets, Ishikari Pro v., the exact posi- tion of the bed from which the specimens were derived is unknown. But the (^tlier jMoUuscan remains found together in the same marly nodule belong to the species common in the Pachydiscus-hQaa.
NIPPONITES MIRABILIS gen. et sp. ^ov. PL IV., tigs. 4-7 ; pi. VI., fig. 6.
We have only a single specimen belonging to this entirely new and extraordinary type of Ammonites.
1) Vide supra.
■1) WinrE: (jjutrihntions to the Paleontology of Brazil. 1888. P. 229, pi. XXII., figs. ?,, 4.
CEPHALOrODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 21
At fii'st the shell forms a more or less flat spiral coil wound siiiistrally îis in Helicoceras, its diameter being about 2.7 cm. and the cross-section of the whorl at the end of the second vo- lution about 0.9 cm. The further growth is no longer spiral, 1)ut it consists in turning to the right and then to the left several times and thus forming many U-shaped curves which cover the first part of the shell from six directions, so that the plane of the curves roughly corresponds to the six sides of a cube. The limbs of each single curve and of those adjacent come nearly in contact.
In cross-section, the whorls of the younger, spiral portion are nearly round, while those of the older are somewhat oblong, the dorso-ventral diameter being a little narrower than the lateral one. The body chamber is probably long, as about two anterior curves seem not to be septated.
As our shell consists of several U-shaped curves, wdien it is compared with the ordinary Turrilites, one limb of a curve corre- sponds to a whorl of a sinistrally w^ound Turrilites, and the other to that of a dextrally wound one.
The ribs are simple, smooth and uniform (except at the anterior end), sharp and high on the external surface, becoming somewhat weaker inside ; they are closely and obliquely set, separated by flat intervals of a moderate width. Only near the anterior end of the shell, the ribs become dissimilar, some of them being higher and broader than others, which proves the growth at these points had been frequently checked. With the exception of the anterior portion, the surface sculpture of this species is so much like that of If. Otsuhai as to suggest the existence of a relationship between the two species. In the .spirally coiled, posterior portion of this shell, the siphuncle is
22 AET. 2. — H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
suturai by which fact it is distinguished from Helicoceras. On the portion of the irregular growth, however, the siphuncle i& always (?) situated in the median line of the external side.
The suture line was partly examined on the whorl which succeeds the regular spiral growth. It shows two saddles and corresponding lobes on one side of the siphonal line, and does not essentially differ from that of H. Otsukal. The two saddles are comparatively slender and nearly equal in height ; both are bipartite with bifid subdivisions. The lateral lobe is very broad and bipartite, slightly exceeding the ventral one in depth. The siphonal saddle is relatively broad and high, with a few ser- rations along the margin.
The complicated mode of coiling the whorls in this species is better seen in the accompanying figures. In Plate IV., figs. 4 and 5 show its external aspect seen from two different direc- tions, each U-shaped curve is marked with the Koman numerals II. — VI. and I'. II'. in the order of their succession. The first carve (I.), immediately succeeding the spiral portion, is not to be seen in these figures ; the second curve which is only partly visible is marked II. and the third III. and so on. The seventh curve, being nearly upon the first one, is marked I'. and the eighth, for the same reason, II'.
Fig. 6 shows a longitudinal section of the specimen, the cross-sections of the whorls being hatched. The two volutions of the spiral portion appear as four round sections marked with Arabian numerals 1-4. The position of the siphuncle is also indicated on the sections by S.
Fig. 7 was drawn after a wire model showing the mode of coiling the whorls from the beginning to the end. Roman numerals are here also used in the same sense as before.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 23
We do not know any morphological equivalents of this peculiar shell among similar tube-forming animals of the past ■or the present. The following cases of abnormal growth of the shell of lurrilites and its allied genera may be taken into con- sideration.
(1.) The Ammonites with a conically spiral shell usually follow a certain law in their growth, having volutions which are •either mutually in contact or separate ; but cases often occur in which they show a portion near the mouth more or less per- ceptibly deflected in position from the preceding volutions. This -change may be produced by the animal either pathologically or as the result of old age. AVe also learn from various sources, the occurrence of many examples in discoidal species, showing a slight tendency to become conically spiral in the anterior por- tion. QuENSTEDT and some others early called attention to this fact and seem to have believed the probable derivation of second- ary forms from ancestral individuals of pathologic growth.
(2.) In some of the secondary forms, it is known that at the very beginning of development they show a normal growth, that is to say, a discoidal shell with volutions more or less involute. A remarkable case has recently been described by Whitefield^^ in Heteroceras sinipUcostatum from the Fort Benton group of the Black Hills. According to this author, the species has its younger portion composed of two straight limbs, close together, like Hamites. This seems to indicate the derivation of a more abnormal type from a less abnormal one.
(3.) Besides, there are a few cases in which the shell is coiled in a conical spiral, first to the right and then to the left.
1) ^VHITEFIELD : Observations on and emended Descriptions of Heteroceras simpHcostahim "WiiiTKFiELD. (By review.)
24 AET. 2. — H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
the latter portion surrounding the earlier one. Such double coils of a tubular shell around the same axis of volution, but in opposite directions, may be either accidental, or due to the animal itself having an inherent power of producing such coils.
(4.) Again, there are some species of the later Cretaceous which are remarkable in exhibiting a great range of individual variations on the mode of coiling the shell. The variations,, however, are due to a loss of power in the animal, which as it grows no longer maintains its normal mode of coiling.
In the present species, in spite of its being represented bv a single specimen, the mode of coiling the whorls can neither be accidental nor due to a loss of power to produce the regular- ly wounded shell, as it is too regular to admit any such sup- position. That it is a Turrilites or some allied genus which has modified its mode of growth on account of its advanced age is also inconceivable. Therefore, this formation of several U-shaped curves must be ascribed to the inherent power of the animal. It is for these reasons that the writer proposes to give a new generic name to this single specimen.
As above mentioned, this species has both suture and sculp- ture which indicate its derivation from some species of Hetero- ceras (?), e.g., Jleteroceras (?) Otsidcai in turreted groups of Am- monites. From the form of the shell, we can readily see that the animal led neither a free swimming life nor a sessile one,, but was a creeper on the sea-bottom as is the generally accepted view of Turrilites.
QuENSTEDT after describing 2\trrilUes reßexas — an extra- ordinary form of a doubly coiled shell, says:'*
" Es mag wahrscheinlich Formen gehen, ^vo sich dieses hin-
1) Qüenstkdt: I.e. p. oCG.
CEPHALOrODA FROIM THE HOKKAIDO. Zö
und lieicb-elien noch zum üftern wiederholt, sie sind den Weber- spulen zu verglichen, über welche die Faden sich hin und her über einander windet. Was setzt das nicht fiir eine Beweglich- keit der Organe voraus !"
Of course, Qüenstedt did not know, then, that such a peculiar form as the present species would occur in Japan.
INCERTiE SEDIS.
There are few forms of Ammonites in our fauna, more interesting than the single specimen described below under the name of Ammonites Koioi. Its characters agree in several re- spects with Olcosiephaaus siiperstes Kossmat" which that author, together with Ammonites rvdra Stoliczka,"' temporally brought under the genus Olcostephantis. He, of course, acknowledged the phyletical relation of these two Ammonites to Vascocevas on one side and to Acanthoceras on the other, although they much resemble, not only in the general aspect of their external form, but also in their suture line, the lower Cretaceous and the Jurassic species of the genera Olcostephanvs and Stephonoceras — a good example of heterochronous homoeomorphy, a. phenomena now known as often occurring in the Cephalopoda.
Vascoceraé"^ is a genus lately proposed by P. Choffat to include Ammonites intermediate between Olcostephanus and Acanthoceras {3Iammites). According to this author, Ainin. syperstes differs from Vascocevas in respect of the higher saddles
1) Kossmat: I.e. p. 1?.3, pi. XVII., figs. 1 a, b, c.
2) Kossmat: I.e. p. 20. — Stoliczka : I.e. p. 122, [il. LX. Further see Xeumaye: I.e. p. 933.
3) Choffat: Faune Crétacùjue du Portugal, II Série. P. 51.
26 ART. 2. — H. YABE I CRETACEOUS
of the suture line, while Grossouvre^^ considered it to be a species rather referable to the genus Acanthoceras. Tlius, the question in regard to the particular generic name that should l)e retained for the group under consideration seems at present an open one.
Ammonites rudra occurs in the middle, and Amm. superstes in the upper division of the Utatur group of South India. According to Peron'-^ and Choffat, Ammonites closely resem- bling the latter occur also in the deposits of the Turonian age of Algeria and Portugal. Ammonites [Buchiceras) Hartii Hyatt from the upper Cretaceous of Sergipe in Brazil which has been referred by Kossmat to the same group, together with the above two species, shows also a, close relation to Vascoceras, but the specimen in this case seems too imperfect for the decision of its proper generic position.
AMMONITES KOTOI m.
PI. VI., %s. 3 and 4.
The only specimen here figured is an imperfect cast of the interior in which only a portion of the outer volution is well preserved. The suture line, however, is tolerably well preserved.
Shell globose, inflated, consisting of many volutions. Umbi- licus deep, moderate in breadth. Whorls lunular in cross- section, l)roader than high ; uniformly rounded on the ventral and lateral sides. Surface Avith numerous transverse ribs, and a
1) Grossouvrk: Sur I' Animonitoi peramplm, p. 334.
2) Peron: Les Ammonites da Crétacé supérieur de l'Algérie, p. 14.— Kossmat : I.e. p. ]:;5.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. Z/
row of tubercles bordering the umbilicus. Kibs round, simple and uniform, separated by intervals of like breadth, gently curving forward on the ventral surface of the whorl and generally bearing a moderately sized tubercle on the umbilical margin, umbilical wall perpendicular and smooth.
The volution next to the outer one differs from it mainly in having a relatively wider umbilicus.
The siphonal saddle is broad and high, flat on the top, and with a few denticles on both sides. The external and the first lateral saddles are exceedingly high and simple, with a few short branches, and are tripartite on the top. Each branch terminates in a round lobule. The first lateral lobe is bifid and somewhat shorter than the external one.
As already mentioned, the present species is an ally of Amm. superstes and Amm. rudra ; of these two, it exhibits a greater resemblance to the first than to the second. However, it differs from the first by its higher whorl bearing more numerous ribs and tubercles.
Locality : — The specimen was found in a nodule of marl, obtained as a pebble in the YCibarigawa. This being the sole example now at the writer's disposal, its stratigraphical position cannot be given with an}' certainty.
OLCOSTEPHANUS Neumayr.
Neumayr^^ correctly remarked that an Ammonites from Urakawa brought under the genus Stephanoceras by Brauns"^
1) Neumayr : Neues Jahrb. für Mineralog. Geolog, u. Palœontolog. 1881 Bd. II., p. 80.
2) Brauns: Vorläufige Notiz über Vorkomnisse der Juraformation in Japan.
28 AKT. 2. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
might belong to Olcostephanus, while Naumann^^ believed it to be in reality a sjiecimen, foreign to Japan. In the Jimb~> col- lection, however, there is a specimen of Ammonites referable, as the present writer believes, to Olcostephanus, with a label written " Loc. Takambe, a branch of the Ikushumbets river." Thus, at present there is no doubt about the occurrence of the Am- monites of the above named genus in our fauna.
A specimen described l)y Jimbô"^ as a species of Olco- siephanuSj long ago, is now believed by the present writer to be merely an imperfect specimen of a new species of Scaphites which will be described in some detail in the succeeding part of this memoir.
OLCOSTEPHANUS UNICUS 3i.
PI. VI., figs. 5, a, b. Dimensions : —
Diameter. 4.2 mm.
Height of the last whorl. 1.9 „
Breadth of the last wliorl. 2.3 „
Width of umbilicus. 1.2 ,,
Shell composed of many volutions, inflated. Umbilicus moder- ate in size, deep ; the umbilical wall is perpendicular and its margin rounded. Aperture subcrescentic, broader than high, uniformly rounded on the lateral as well as on the ventral side. Involution rather deep. Surface wdtli numerous transverse ribs ; straight, uniform, narrow l)ut prominent, separated by flat intervals wider than their breadth. The ribs are closely set and nearly
1) Naumann : Ueber das Vorkommen der Kreidefurmation auf der Insel Jezo.
2) Jimb5 : I.e. p. n:j (179), pi. IX., figs. .-5, a, b.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 29
jDarallel to one another, while near the umbilical margin, tlii-ee or more of them unite to form a bundle. Besides, there are five constrictions on the hist volution which are iDroader and deeper than other intervals and are bordered behind Ijy a rib somewhat more prominent than the usual ribs to which they are arranged quite parallel.
The suture line which is only partly seen, shows three saddles. The first lateral saddle is narrow, but high and bipartite ; the lobes are also bipartite.
Of Anmionites described from the Cretaceous deposits of the Pacific border, Olcostephanus Logannianus Whiteaves^^ from tlie ■Chorizon of the Queen Charlotte Islands in some respects appears nearest to this species. The periodic ribs seen on the Japanese specimen are not present in the American species, and moreover the whorls of the former increase as the shell grows more rapidly than the latter.
Locality : — The specimen here figured is from the Kami- takambe, a right branch of the Ikushumbets, between the Poronai and the Ikushumbets coal mines.
Horizon : — Unknown.
HAUERICERAS Grossouvre.
The genus Hauericeras was established by A. de Grossouvre,^ in 1893, to include Ammonites which have smooth, strongly compressed, discoidal shells, with a sharp, ventral keel and having the suture line composed of two broad saddles followed by 3-7
ft
1) Whiteaves: Mes, Foss. Vol. I., pt. 1, p. 27, text fig. ?>; pi. VIII., fig. 2. Pt. 3, p. 211, pi. XXIII., figs. 1 and la. Pt 4. p. 276.
2) Grossouvke : Recherches sur la Craie supérieure. 1893. P. 219.
30 ART. 2. — H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
smaller ones. The external and lateral saddles are unequally bipartite and especially so in the former, so that it may more properly be called tripartite ; the lateral lobe is also broad and tripartite, and about as long as the external one. The siphonal saddle is relatively high and broad, being inflated at the top. Tiie auxiliary saddles and lobes rapidly diminish in size and hang obliquely toward the umbilical suture.
Karl v. Zittel^^ treats Hauer iceras, Desmoceras, Puzosia and Pachydiscus under the family of Desmoceratidie, while Gros- souvRE"^ brings them together with Schlüteria under the family of Phylloceratidœ. Al. Hyatt''^ includes them, with the excep- tion of Pachydiscus, in the family of Haploceratidic. However^ the general character of Hauericeras in its developmental stages differs slightly from Phylloceratida?, being on the contrary closely allied to the typical Desmoceras, and therefore the writer is at a loss to see wdiy Grossouvre included it among the Phylloceratidit.
As is generally accepted by palaeontologists, Hauericeras has a close affinity to the group of Desmoceras Sugata Forbes and also to the genus Puzosia Bayle, the resemblance to the former beino- in its ventral keel, and to the latter in the suture line. The Avriter himself also at first adopted the same view, but a further examination of the specimens from the Hokkaido led him to think that the latter belonged rather to the family of Phyllo- ceratidse than to Desmoceratidie. He, of course, thinks it scarcely safe to determine their taxonomic position on such an external resemblance, and this question, consequently, may be treated, in some detail, in the later part of this memoir.
1) Zittel: Griindziige d. Palteontologie 1895. *
2) Grossouvre: 1. c. p. ]6r>.
.".) Hyatt : Cephalopoda in Zittel's Text Book of Palpeontology translated by Eastman.. 1890. P. 569.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. ol
No matter to what family our genus belongs, it is, undoubtedly one of the most important groups of Ammonites for strati graphical purposes, as though much restricted in the number of species its geographical distribution is very wide.
The type of the genus is H. Gardeni Batly sp.,^^ recognized in the Cretaceous (horizon f. of Griesbach) of Natal in South Africa, the Ariyalur and Trichinopoly groups of South India, the Nanaimo group (Horizon B of Richardson) of Vancouver, and the Cretaceous of the Hokkaido. To the same species, an Am- monites from the Cretaceous of Tunis has lately been referred by Pervinquiere-' although with some doubt, and Ammonites sidcatus Kner'^ from Galicia is by some palseontologists taken as a syno- nym of H. Gardeni. If the above determinations are correct, then it is a cosmopoliton species of the upper Cretaceous Am- monites.
According to Grossouvre and Kossmat, this genus also in- cludes Ammonites remhda Forbes, Amm. pseudoffardeni Schlüter, H, Fayoli Gross, and -H. ^yelsc^li Gross. H. rembdaf^ occurs in the Valudayur bed of South India, the Cretaceous of Natal (horizon d) and ]Madagascar^^ while Amm. pseudogardeni^^ is found in the zone of Scaphites binodosus of the German Cretaceous. Amm. j)seudogardeni var. nodotum ScHLtJTER'^ from Braunschweig
1) Vide p. 32.
2) L. Pervixquikee: I'n facies particulier du Sénoinen de Tunise. 1895. (Bv review), o) Favre: Descrip. des Mollusques foss. la craie des environs de Lemberg 1869. P. 12,
pi. IV., %. 7.
4) Stoliczka: Foss. Cepli. Cret. Rock South India. P. C^, pi. XXXIII., fig. 5; pi. LXXI., fig. 9. Griesbach : Geol. of Natal. P. 63, pi. III., figs. 2, 3. Kossmat : Unters, ii. d. Südind. Kreidefom. P. 124, pi. XVIII., fig. 9.
•5) Grossouvre: Sur quelques Fossiles Crétacés de Madagascar, p. 378, 1899.
6) Schlüber: Cephal. d. oberen deutsch. Kreide, p. 54, pi. XVI., figs. 3-6.
7) Schlüter : Podocrates im Senon von Braunschweig. Zeitsch. d. deut. geol. Gesell. Bd. LI., p. 411.
32 ART. 2. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
lias not yet been fully illustrated and the specific identification' seems to be uncertain. Of the two species described by Gros« souvRE from the Cretaceous of France, viz. H. Fayoli^^ and H. Welschi,"^ the former is in the Campanien and the latter in the zone of Mortoniceras texaimin.
The present writer proposes to bring two other species under this genus. Tlie one is Amm. lagarus Redtenbacher^^ from Gossan which shows such agreement in every particular with the above mentioned typical species that the writer has nO' hesitation in stating their generic identity. The other is a new form found in the Cretaceous of the Hokkaido, and is described below under the name of //. antjiisttim.
HAUERICERAS GARDENI Baily.
1855. Amt/ionites Gardeni Baily : Cret. Foss. South Africa,.
p. 456, pi. XI., fig. 3. 1865. Amm. Gardeni Stoliczka : Foss. Cepli. Cret. Rock
S. India, p. 61, pi. XXXIIT., fig. 4.
1879. Amm. Gardetii Whiteayes : Mes. Foss. vol. I., pt,. 2, p. 102.
1880. Haploceras Gardeni Naumann : Kreidef. auf der Insel Jezso, p. ID.
1890. Desmoceras Gardeiii Yokoyama : Verst. Jap. Kreide^
p. 184, pi. XX., fig. 10 a-c. 1895. Desmoceras Oardeni Whiteaves : On some Foss.
from the Nanaimi Group of the Vancouver Cret. p. 131.
1) Grosouvre: I.e. p. 221, pi. XXVII., fi,c(. n.
2) Grossouvre: I.e. p. 222, pi. NX XV., tig. 9.
Ö) Redtenbachkr: Cephalopoden Fauna d. Gosauseiiichten,. p. 112, pi. XXV., figs. 3 a, b.
CEPHALOPODA FPvOM THE HOKKAIDU. öO
1895. Dei<iiioceras (ktrdeni A\'hiteaves : On some Foss. from tlie Nanaimo Group of tlie Vancouver Cret. P. 131.
1895. Hauericeras Gardenl Grossouyre : Les Ammonites de la Craie supérieure. P. 220.
1897. Hauericeras Gardeni Kossmat : Unters, ü. d. S. Ind. Kreidef P. 123 pi. XVIII. figs. 7 a, b, 8, 10.
1903. Hauericeras Gardeni Whiteayes : Mes. Foss. vol. I., pt. 5, p. 352.
The remarks of Yokoyama on the Japanese specimens given in the above quoted work need no special additions, and every- one who sees his figure is at once convinced that the Japanese form must be identified with that of South Africa.
Localities : — LTrakawa and Ghashikots in Ikandai near LTra- kawa, Hidaka Pro v.; the Sanushibe and the Shirikuru-pokomanai, in the Söshibets, both branches of the ]\Iukawa, Iburi Prov.; the Shi-kuruki, a tributary of the Yrd>arigawa and the Kikume- zawa, a tributary of the Ikusliuml)ets, Ishikari Prov.; the Opiraushibets and tlie Abeshinai, a tributary of the Teshiogawa, both in Teshio Prov.; north of Chietomanai near Cape Soya, Kitami Prov. Although this species is found everywhere in the Pa chy discus-beds, the number of its individuals is always limited.
HAUERICERAS ANGUSTÜM m.
PI. v., figs. 5, 6.
In the JiMBö collection, there are two other specimens of Hauericeras showing an aspect distinct from the preceding species. Both are small but beautifully preserved, one of them showing
34
ART. 2. — H. YABE I CRETACEOUS
the suture lines in detail up to the end of the outer volution. In the writer's collection, there are also two specimens, referable to the same species ; one of them is somewhat larger and flattend on the sides by pressure, l)ut agrees in point of essential characters with the above examples.
The dimensions of these three examples measured are as follows : —
|
(1) |
Ratio. |
(2) |
Ratio. |
(-) |
|
|
3.65 cm. |
100 |
0.45 |
CIU. |
100 |
2.60 cm. |
|
1.50 „ |
41 |
1..05 |
J) |
39 |
1.10 „ |
|
— |
— |
0.75 |
» |
22 |
0.55 „ |
|
1.15 „ |
01 |
1.10 |
H |
31 |
0.85 „ |
Ratio. 100
42
21
Diaiueter.
Height of tlie last whorl.
Breadth of the last wliorl.
Width of umbilicus.
Involution.
1). A specimen from the Kikumezawa.
2). „ „ „ „ Urakawa; (pi. V., fig. 5.)
3). ,, ,, „ ,, Urakawa.
As is seen from the above table, the variation is very slight in the three specimens except in size.
This species is readily distinguished from H. Gardeni Baily,^^ H. rembda Forbes'-' and H. Fayoli Grossouvre''^ by its narrower umbilicus and higher whorl. It is, no doubt, much like H. Welschl Grossouvre,^' with which at first glance it seems to agree in nearly all its characters. But a closer examination reveals a marked difference in the form of the whorl. In the Japanese species the lateral sides converge gradually upward to the ventral keel, while in the Grossouvre's figure of H. Welschi, the sides converge very slowly to the ventral margin whence they suddenly bend to the base of the keel.
1) See p. 32.
2) 1.0.
3) I.e.
4) I.e.
CEPHALOPODA FEOM THE HOKKAIDO. öO
This species agrees tolerably well with //. Gardeni in its suture line, there being in both four auxiliary saddles. That H. pseudogardeni differs from the present species notwithstanding their great resemblance in external shape is easily seen in that it has more numerous auxiliaries.
Localities : — The Kikumezawa, a tributary of the Ikushum- bets, Ishikari Proy.; the Popets, a branch of the Mukawa, Iburi Prov.; Urakawa, Hidaka Proy.
Horizon : — The only case in which the mode of occurrence of this species has been determined, is in the Kikumezawa, where it was found in the Pachyd i^cus-heds together with II. Gardeni.
DESMOCERAS Zittel.
DESMOCERAS DAWSONI Whiteaves yar. JAFONICA.
PI. v., figs. 3, 4.
1884. Haploceras Beudanti Whiïeaves : Mes. Foss., yol.
I., pt. 3, p. 205, pi. XXVI., figs. 1 and la. 1900. Desmoceras {Puzosia) Dmvsonl Whiteaves. Mes. Foss.,
vol. I., pt. 4, p. 286, pi. XXXVIL, fig. 3. The specimens of this species in the writer's collection, ex- cepting one which has been figured, are more or less distorted by pressure. The suture line is also quite obscure on account of the bad state of preservation.
36
AKT. 2. H. Y ABE : CRETACEOUS
Dimensions :
Diameter.
Height of the last wliorl. Breadth of tlie List wliorl. AViclth of umbilicus.
|
(1) |
Ilatio. |
(2) |
Ratio. |
{•■->) |
Katio |
|
11.3 cm. |
100. |
11.1 cm. |
100. |
13.2 cm. |
100 |
|
5.7 „ |
50. |
5.5 „ |
49. |
6.8 „ |
51 |
|
4.5 „ |
38. |
3.3 „ |
29. |
— |
— |
|
2.1 „ |
16. |
— |
— |
2..35 „ |
18 |
9^
The figured specimen from the Iknshumbets.
Uesmoceras Dawsoni Whiïeaves from Cumshewa Inlet;
measured from the figure on PI. XXVI. in Mes. Foss.
vol. I., pt. 3. 3) Desmoceras Dawsoni Whiteaves from Cumshewa Inlet;
measured from the figure on PL XXXVII. in Mes.
Foss. vol., I., pt. 4. Shell discoidal, compressed on the sides and rounded on the ventral surface. Umbilicus narrow, with a steep wall and more or less rectangular margin. Involution very deep, about | of eacli volution being covered. Section of the whorl elliptical, higher than broad. Surface with eight distant, very flexuous constrictions, parallel to the lines of growth. Constrictions narrow, bordered behind by an elevated rim which becomes more prominent and bends strongly forward on the ventral surface. On aged speci- mens, these constrictions become strongly sigmoidal as is shown in the anterior portion of the figured example, and the lines of growth, otherwise appearing as delicate striœ, also become coarser.
The suture line is only partly visible. The first lateral lobe is about as long as the external lol)e and tripartite, but not so deep and wide as in the case of Puzosia. The external saddle as well as the two lateral ones are l)ipartite.
The general outline, surface marking and suture line o^ the Japanese species much resemble those of Desmoceras Dawsoni
CEPHALOrODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 37
AVhiteaves from the Queen Charlotte Islands. But the shell is somewhat broader and periodic constrictions are less numerous in the Japanese species, so that the writer feels warranted in pro- posing a new specific name for it.
According to Whiteaves, Desmoceras Daivsoni is quite abundant in the Cretaceous rocks on the northern shore of Cumshewa Inlet, while in Bear Skin Bay a few specimens are .said to occur which are however distinguished from the typical form by their rectangular umbilical margin. The latter is con- sidered by that author as a variety to which the Japanese form seems to approach more closely.^*
At first, Whiteaves""' identified his specimens with a European form — Ammonites Beudanti Brongniart — which is also recorded by STOLiczKa as occurring in the South Indian Cretaceous fauna.^'^ Afterwards, however, Kossmat^^ proved the distinction between Amm. Beudanti and the allied form from South India. The latter, as described by him, shows the suture line of the type of Puzosia, and hence it is a species quite different from Ammonites Beudanti which no doubt belongs to Desmoceras. He stated also that Ammonites Beudanti of Whiteaves from the Queen Charlotte Islands is a true Desmoceras. This view was afterward adopted by Whiteaves'^ himself who in his later publication made a new specific name for what he had formerly taken for Ammonites
1) J. C. MERRiA:sn later reported this species from Spanisch Gulch of the John Day Basin.
2) D'Orbigny: Ter. Crétacés. Ceph. P. 278, pi. XXXIII., XXXIV. 1840.— Pictet : Moll, des Grès Verts. P. ;», pi. II., lig. n. 1848.— QuE^'STEDT : Ceph. P. 222, pi. XVII., fig. 10. 1849.— Pictet et Campiche: S. Croix. P. 277, pi. XL., figs. 1-4. I860.— Pakona ■e BoxARELLi: Fossili albiani d'Escragnolles. P. 8() (34), pi. XI. (II.), fig. 6. 1896.
3) Stoliczka: Foss. Ceph. Cret. Rock South India. P. 142, pi. LXXI., figs. 2-4; pi. LXXII. 1865.
4) Kossmat: Süd. Ind. Kreidet'. P. 120 (18-5). 1897.
5) Whiteaves: Mes. Foss. Vol. I. pt. 4., P. 286. 1900.
38 AET. 2. — H. Y ABE : CRETACEOUS
Beudanti, giving the Characters which distinguish it from P. Stoliczhai Kossmat of Southern India. However, he diifers from KossMAT in one })oint ; viz. in referring his species not tO' Desmoseras, but to Puzosia, in which respect the present writer is more inclined to adopt the opinion of Kossmat.
The reason why the present writer hesitates to bring this species under Democeras is because its suture line is only im- perfectly known. Kossmat who examined the Canadian specimen^ thinks that it has a typical Desmoceras suture as he says " mit ganz typischer zur Naht gehender Lo1)enlinie." A part of the suture line seen on a Japanese specimen gives no clue to dis- tinguish it from Desmoceras. On the other hand, the suture line on pi. XXVI in the White ayes' monograph which does not appear to be very satisfactorily drawn, shows in some respects a resemblance to that of Cleoniceras,^' a genus proposed by Parona and Bonarelli to include Amm. Qeo7i. d'ORB., formerly as- signed to Sonneratia, Amm. Bevdanti and a few other allied forms. Such being the case, it is quite impossil)le at present to determine whether this species is Desmoceras or Gleoniceras.
Desmoceras Dawsoni shows also a distant relation to Desmo- ceras voyi Anderson"'^ from the Horsetown beds of California. The latter possesses, however, a broader and somewhat inflated shell with lateral sides gently converging to the ventral surface, and although the periodic ribs are of the same nature as those of Desmoceras Dawsoni, yet they are fewer in number. The suture line is described as agreeing wâth that of Desmoceras lai'idorsatum Michelin."^'
1) Parona e Bonarellt : Fossili albiani d'Escragnolles, p. 85 foS"». 189().
2) Anderson: Cret. J)ep. Pacific coast, p. 100, pi. III., figs. 89, •)(). 1902.
o) D'Orbigny: I.e. p. 270, p1. LXXX.— Pictet : Foss. d. (h-es. Yerts. p. 44, pi. III., figs. 4, 5.— SxoLiczkA : I.e. p. 14.s, pi. LXXIV., figs. 1-4.— Kossmat : I.e. p. 107 (172), pi. XIX (XXY), figs. 2-5.
CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO. 39
The occurrence of Desmocerai Dmusoni in the Cretaceous of the Hokkaido is of special importance, as among the few Japa- nese forms which show some reUition to those of the North American Pacific species, none is more closely related than the present one, and it is also a remarkable fact that a bivalve, very much like Thetis affinis Whiteaves'' from the C horizon of the Queen Charlotte Islands is found abundantly together with this Ammonites in the same layers.
Locality and horizon : — Several specimens of this Ammonites, one of which is here figured, were obtained along the Ikushum- bets 10 miles east of the Ikushumbets coal mines, Ishikari Prov. Up to this time it has been met with only at the above locality where it is quite numerous in a sandstone of the Thetis- zone, associated with Thetis aff. affinis Whiteaves.
DESMOCERAS PORONAICUM m.
PL VL, figs. 1, 2.
Dimensions : —
|
Diameter. |
2..5 cm. |
100. |
|
Height of the last whorl. |
1.2 „ |
48. |
|
Breadth of the last whorl. |
1.1 „ |
44. |
|
Width of umbilicus |
0.4 „ |
16. |
Shell small, discoidal, composed of a few compressed whorls, which are nearly parallel sided and slope gradually to the round- ed ventral surface. Involution very deep ; umbilicus narrow with the perpendicular wall, exposing only a very small portion
1) Whiteaves: Mes. Foss. vol. I., pt. 3, p. 226, pi. XXX., tigs. 4, 4a, b; pt. 4. p. 290.
40 AET. 2. H. YABE : CRETACEOUS
of the inner whorls. Aperture somewhat elongated, higher than broad. Surface of the shell apparently quite smooth, with a faint groove on a portion of the anterior whorl where the shell has been taken off'. The groove curves strongly forward in crossing the ventral surfece where it is more distinct than on the lateral sides. Suture line with four saddles and four lobes on each lateral side, and the two on the umbilical Avail. These saddles and lobes diminish very gradually in size and are all similar in shape, the former being bipartite and the latter tri- partite excepting the three or four innermost ones which are always simple.
There is scarcely any doubt as to the existence of a close relationship between this species on the one hand and Desmoceras inane Stoliczka^' from the Utatur Group and 1). diphylloides Forbes-^ from the Ariyalur and the Voludayur group of S. India ou the other. D. diphylloides agrees fairly well with this species in its general outline if we except the slightly narrower umbilicus and more numerous saddles and lobes. D. inane is thicker than the Japanese species although it much resembles it in the suture line. Ammonites Sehvynknuis Whiteaves"" from the Horizon A of Vancouver Island and 1). pyrenaicam CjROSSOUVRe'" from the Santonien of France are also our distant allies.
From 1). Bawsoni Whiteaves var., the present species is distinguished by the higher whorls and nar]-ower umbilicus. But as the specimens of these two species examined by the writer are quite different in size, the above distinctions must be taken
1) Stoliczka : I.e. p. 121, 111. LIX., iig. IS (non fig. 14).— Kossmat : I.e. p. 107, pi. XIX., figs. 6-7.
2) Stoliczka: I.e. p. Ill», \A. LIX., figs. S-9.— Kos.smat : I.e., p. I(i8, pi. XIX., figs. 8-9.
3) Whiteavks: I.e. pt. 2, p. 104, pi. XII 1., fig. 1; pt. 5, p. .'îôl.
4) Gkossouvre: Aniru. <le la Craie supérieure, p. 168, pi. XXXVII., figs. 9 a, b, c.
CEPHALOPODA FEOM THE HOKKAIDO. 41
with some reserve. Also it may not be impossible, as it some- times happens, that they are really individuals of one and the same species at different stages of growth. However, for the pre- sent, it seems preferable to treat them as two distinct species.
Locality and horizon : — This species is known only from two small, probably immature specimens, ol)tained near the source of the Poronai, Ishikari Prov. At this place, they were found in a pebljle of a marly module, the exact horizon in which they occur being unknown, but it is almost certain that the nodule was derived either from the lower part of the upper Ammonite- beds or from a laver 1)elow it.
42
ART. 2. H. YABE I CRETACEOUS
Bibliography.
F. M. Anderson:
D. Brauns:
P. Choffaï: P. Choffat:
E. Favre :
A. Fritsch and U.
A. Fritsch:
L. C. Griesrach
A. DE Grossouvre
A. DE Grossouvre
A. DE Grossouvre
A. Hyatt
K. JiMBO
F. KOSSMAT.
Cretaceous Deposits of the Pacific Coast. Proceed. Calif. Acad. Science,«. Ill series. Vol. II. No. 1. 1902. Vorläufige Notiz, ü. Vorkommnisse der Juraforma- tion in Japan. Mitth. d. deutsch. Gesell, f. Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens. 1880. Faune Crétaci(|ue du Portugal. Vol. I. Série IL 1898. Contributions à la Connaissance Géologique des Colonies Portugaises d'Afrique. I. Le Crétacique de Conducia, 1903.
Description des Mollusques fossiles de la Craie des environs de Leniberg. (By review).
ScHLOENBACH : Ccphalopoden der böhmischen Kreide. 1872.
Studien im Gebiete der böhmischen Kreideforma- tion. Archiv der naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Böhmen. IL Die Weissenberger u. Malnitzer Schichten. 1877. III. Die Iserschichten, 1883. IV. Die Teplitzer Schichten 1889. V. Priesener Schich- ten. 1893.
Geology of Natal. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London. Vol. XXVII. 1871.
: Recherches sur la Craie supérieure. Mémoires pour servir à l'explication de la Carte géologique détail- lée de la France. 1893.
Sur r Ammonites perampluH. Bull. Soc. Géol. France. Sér. III. Tome 27. No. 3. 1899.
: Sur quelques Fossiles Crétacés de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Géol. France. Sér. IIL Tome 27 1899. Zittel's Text Book of Palaeontology, translated by Eastjian. Cephalopoda. 1899.
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Kreideforma- tion von Hokkaido. Pal. Abh. Bd. VI. (Neue Folge, Bd. IL). Heft 3. 1894. Untersuchungen fiber die Südindische Kreideforma-
CEPHALOPODA FEOM 'IHE HOKKAIDO. 46
tiou. Beiträge z. Pal. n. Geol. Oesterreich-Un-
garns ii. d. Orients. Bd. IX. 1895. Bel. XI. 1897. ¥. B. LIeek : Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils of the
Upper Missiouri County. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. of
the Territories. Vol. IX. 1876. tT. C. MerPvIAM : A ContriLution to the Geology of the John Day
Basin. Bull. Dep. Geol. Univ. Calif. Vol. II. No.
9. 1901.
E. Naumann : Ueber das Vorkommen der Kreideforraation auf der
Insel Jezo. Mitth. d. deutscli. Gesell, f. Natur-u.
V(ilkerkunde Ostasiens, 1880. ]\I. Neuäiayr : Die Ammoniten der Kreide u. Systematik d. Am-
monitiden. Zeitsch. d. deutsch, geol. Gesell, Bd.
XXVII. 1875. M. Neumayr: Neues Jahrb. f. Min. Geol. u. Paléontologie. 1881.
Bd. II. A. d'Orbigny: Paléontologie Française. Terrain Crétacés. Tome I.
1840-1841. C. F. Parona e G. Bonarklli: P\)ssili alliiani d'Escragnolles, del Niz-
zardo e della Liguria occidentale. Pal. Italica. Vol.
II. 189(]. A. Peron : Les Ammonites du Crétacé supérieur de l'Algérie.
Mém. Soc. Géol. France. Tome VI. 1896. L. Pervinquière: Sur un faciès particulier du Sénonien du Tunisie.
1898. J. F. PiCTET et W. Roux : Mollusques fussiles des Grès Verts des environs
de Genève, 1846-49. J. F. PiCTET et G. Campiche : Description des fossiles du terrain Crétacé
des environs de St. Croix. 1858-72.
F, A. Quenstedt: Petreftiktenkunde Deutschlands. Abth. I, Bd. I.
Cephalopoden, 1846-49.
A. Redtenbacher : Die Cephalopodenfauna der Gosauschichten in den norddeutschen Alpen. Abb. d. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Bd. V. 1875.
Ol. Schlüter : Cephalopoden der oberen deutschen Kreide. Pale-
ontographica. Bd. XXL, 1871. Bd. XXIV., 1874.
C L.Schlüter: Fodocrates im Senon von Brannschweig u. Ver-
breitung u. Benennung der Gattung. Zeitsch. d. deutsch, geoloç;. Gesell. LI. 1899.
44
ART. 2. — H. Y A BE : CRETACEOUS
J). Sharpe : F. Stoliczka C. A. White
J. F. Whiteaves: J. F. Whiteaves :
R. P. Whitfield:
H. Wooü : M. Yokoyajia : K. A. V. Z ITT EL ;
K. A. V. ZiTTEL
Mollusca of the Chalk. Palaeontograph. t^oc. L(Mi- don. Vol. VII-IX. 18.53-185."). The Fossil Cephalopoda of the Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India. Palaeontologia Indica. 18G5. Contributions to the Palaeontology of Brazil, com- prising Descriptions of Cretaceous Invertebrate Fos- sils, mainly from the Provinces of Sergipe, Per- nambuco, Para and Bahia. Archives do Museu Nacional do Eio de Janeiro. Vol. VII. 1888. Mesozuic Fossils. Ah)1. I. Pt. 1-5. 1876-1902. On some Fossils from the Nanaimo Group of the VanC(Hiver Cretaceous. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. 2nd Series. Vol. I Sect. IV 189.5. Observations on and emended Description of Hetero- ceras simplicostafum Whitfield. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XVI. 1902. (By review). The Molhisca of the Chalk Rock. Quart. Jour Geol. Soc. LII. 1896.
Versteinerungen aus der Japanischen Kreide. Pale- ontographica. Bd. XXXVI. 1890. Handbuch der Paléontologie. Grundzüge der Paleontolode. 1894.
CEPHALOrODA FK03I THE HOKKAIDO.
45
Contents.
Xarrilites
Turrililes cfr. Bergeri, BrongiART
„ Koiiiotdi ni
He/icocera-'i scnlare m
„ (?) venustuiii ni
]-rderocer(i-<i (?) Oshimai m
„ (?) Otsukai m
„ (?) „ var. inultimsttda
,, (?) japoidcuiii m
„ orientale m....
Nipponltes mirahi/is m
Jncertœ Sedis
Amuwnäes Kotoi m
■Olcostephanu'<
Olcostephanus iinirus m
ITauericeras
Hauericems Qurdeni Kaiia'
„ atKjuHlum m
Desiiioccra-^
Urftmooras Daiusonl Whiteaves var. japoniea
„ poronaicuin m.
Biljliography
|
Page. |
|
1 |
|
4 |
|
7 |
|
9 |
|
]1 |
|
12 |
|
14 |
|
16 |
|
17 |
|
If) |
|
20 |
|
25 |
|
26 |
|
27 |
|
28 |
|
29 |
|
;J2 |
|
33 |
|
35 |
|
35 |
|
39 |
|
42 |
-TS^-i
H. YABK.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO.
PLATE I.
Turrilites.
Plate I.
Turrîlites Komotai m. Pp. 7-9.
Fig. 1. ISide view of the type, preserved in the Sei. Coll. Mus. From lower Jcanthoc era fi-zone of the Ikuslumihets, Ishikari Prciv. Nat. size.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX.. Art. 2. PI. I.
.1. IMznkl .1.1.
H. Y,.l..: Crcl. Ccph. U.M'iX,. 11. II.
II. Y ABIC.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO.
PLATE IL
Turrilites.
Plate II.
TurrUites Komotai m. Pji. 7-9.
Fig. ], Upi)er view of the specimen drawn in PI. I.
Jour. Sri. („II. Vol. XX.. Ail. 2. PL 11.
.;. Mh„l.-: ,i..i
u. y.iin: tw.1. r,.pi,. ir.Jchwiû. i>t. u.
ir. YABE.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO-
PLATE III.
Turrilites, Helicoceras and Heteroceras.
Plate III.
(All the specimens here figured are in Sei. Coll. Mus.) Turrilites aff. Bergerl Bhgt. Pp. 4-7.
Fig. 1. Side view of the type. From lower Annuonite-l)eds of the Popets, Il)uri Prov. Nat. size.
Helicoceras scdhire m. Pp. 9-10.
Fig. 2. Upper view of the type. From ScapJiites-hedn of the (Jpiraushibets,
Teshio Prov. Nat. size. Figs. .3 a, b, c. Upper and lower views and cross-section of another specimen.
From Scaphi'tes-heds of the Opiraushibets. Nat. size.
Helicoceras venustum m. Pp. 11-12.
Fig. 4. Side view (slightly oblique) of a large specimen. From Scapliites- beds of the Opiraushibets. Nat. size.
Heteroceros Oshimai m. Pp. 12-14.
Fig. .5. Side view of the type. From upper Amuionite-beds of the Iku-
shumbets, Ishikari Prov. Nat. size. Fig. 6. Side view of a smaller si)ecimen. From upper Ammonite-beds of
the Shikuruki, Ishikari Prov. Nat. size.
Heteroceros orientale m. Pp. 19-20.
Fig. 7. Side view of the type. From the upper Ammonite-beds of Ura- kawa, Hidaka Prov. Nat. size. In this drawing, the larger end of the shell is shown below and the smaller end above.
Hetcroceras japonicurii m. Pp. 17-18.
Fig. 8. Side view of the type. From up})er Ammonite-beds of the Yii- barigawa, Ishikari Prov. Nat. size.
Heteroceras Otsiikai var. multicostata m. Pp. 16-17.
Fig. 9. Side view of the type. From ScapJiites-heds of the Opiraushibets. Nat. size. On this figure, the larger end of the shell is shown below and the smaller end above.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX., Art. 2. PI. JH.
•--.^T^'
//
/XK-- s.
J-l^- 7-
fic I.
Fi.^- 4.
Fig. Ç.
t'ii^.
Ù- j'
Fig. 6.
IL Tube: Orot. Ceph. Ilokkaidö. Ft. IL
PHOTO. BY K. OÜAWA.
H. Y A BE.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO.
PLATE IV.
Heteroceras and Nippon ites.
Plate IV.
(All the specimens, here figured, are in Sei. Coll. Mus.) Heteroccraf< OtmUMÎ m. I'p. 14-1(3.
Fig. 1. Side view of the type. From FicchyJiscus-heds of the Kiknmezawa, Ishikari Prov. Nat. size. Slightly restored. In this figure, the larger end of the shell is shown below and the smaller end ahove..
Fig. 2. Side view of a portion of whorls of another specimen. From upi>er Ammonite-beds of the Yiibarigawa. The siphon comes nearer the lower margin toward the anterior end. Nat. size.
Heterocera.'^ Otsiil-ni m. var. mulficodafa m. Pp. lG-17.
Fig. 3. Side view of a specimen with numerous ri])S. From upper Am- monite-beds of the Yübarigaw^i, Nat. size.
Kij>i)<)iiiti'S mirahUis m. Pit. 20-25.
Fii;s. 4 and i^, A'iews from two different directions of the type. From
upper Annnonite-beds of the Opiraushibets. Fig. I). Cross-section of the same. Nut. size. s. siphon. Fig. 7. ^Yire-nlodel to show the mode of the coiling the whorls.
Jour. Sei. Coll Vol. XX., Art. 2. PI. IV.
%
^(c- .?•
/'7;
-^■.
/^v. <5.
V .-.f ■ -^
- n^
Fig. 7. Fig. I.
H. Yabc: t'rct. Ceph. IMLiUlj. Pi. If.
PHOTO. By K. ogawa.
II. YAIîE.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO.
PLATE V.
Helicoceras, Desmoceras and Hauericeras.
Plate V.
(All the specimens, here figured, are in Sei. ColL Mus.) Helicoceras vemtstiim m. Pp. 11-12.
Fig. 1. Upper view of the type. From Pachydiscu.s-heds of the Sanushibe^
Iburi Prov. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from the same specimen. s.
si phonal line. x 4.
Desmoveras Daicsoni Whiteaves var. japonica. Pp. 35-39.
Figs. 3 a, b. Side and front views of the type from the Thetis-zone of
tlie Ikushumbets. Nat. size. Fig. 4. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from another specimen. Nat. size..
Hauericeras anriiistum m. Pp. 33-3.3.
Figs. 5 a, b. Side and front views of the type. From the Upper Am- monite-beds of Ikandai, near Urakawa. Nat. size.
Fig. 6. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from the same specimen, g. siphonal line; u. m. umbilical margin, x 4.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX., Art. 2. PI. y.
& ]
1
a. b.
Fig. 6.
H. Yabe: Cret. CVpl. Hokkaido. Ft. U.
PHOTO. BY K. CGAWA.
H. YABE.
CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODA FROM THE HOKKAIDO.
PLATE VI.
Desmoceras, Olcostephanus, Nipponites, Heteroceras and an undetermined Genus.
Plate VI.
(AU the specimens, here figured, are in Sei. Coll. Mus.) Desmoceras poronaicum. m. Pp. 39-41.
Figs. 1 a, b. Side and front views of the type from the Upper Ammonite- beds of the Poronai, Ishikari Prov. Nat. size.
Fig. 2. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from the same specimen, s. siphonal line ; u.m. umbilical margin. x 3.
Ammonites Kofoi m. F[). 26-27
Fig. 3. Side view of the type. From the Yûbarigawa. Slightly restored.
Nat. size. Fig. 3 a. Cross-section of the whorl. Nat. size. Fig. 4. Diagram of the suture line, drawn from the same specimen, s.
siphonal line ; u.m, umbilical margin. x 2.
Olcostephanus unicus m. Pp. 28-29.
Figs. .5 a, b. Side and front views of the type. From the Takambets, Ishikari, Prov. Nat, size.
Nipponites; mirahilis m. Pp. 20-2.').
Fig. G. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from the specimen figured in PI. IV. s. siphonal line. Nat. size.
Heteroceras Otsukai m. Pp. 14-16,
Fig. 7. Diagram of a suture line, drawn from the specimens figured in PI. IV., fig. 2. s. siphonal line. Nat. size.
Hderocerm Otfiiûxii var, mnJUcoi^tato.. Pp. 16-17.
Fig. 8. Diagram of a suture Hue, drawn from the specimen figured in PI. IV., fig. 3. s. siphonal line; a.s. antisiphonal line, x 2.
Jour. Sei. Coll. Vol. XX.. Art. 2. ri. VF.
H. Yale: Cret. Ceph. Hokkaido. Ft. II.
PHOTO. BY K. OGAWA.
JOUKNAL OF THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY, TOKYO, JAPAN.
VOL. XX., ARTICLE 3.
Kevisio Euphorbiacearum et Buxacearum Japonicarum.
aiictore B. Hayata.
cum tahulis 6.
Collectiones plantarum quae hujns operis fundamentum ef- ficiunt, in Universitatis imperialis Tokyensis herbario servantur. Toto corde gratias publice ago viris doctissimis, qui peritissimis consiliis magnum mihi auxilium prœbuerunt. Imprimis vero, me illustrissimo Prof, Dri. J. Matsumur^, qui curam adhibuit maximum ad hoc meum opus, gratiam maximam debere profiteor.
Z ART. 3. — B. HAYATA : REVISIO
EUPHORBIACE^.
Conspectus Geneimm.
Ovula in localis gemina.
Embryo magnas, parce minor qnam albumen, Sepala "t iiiibricata. Folia inrlivisa.
Fl. ^ ad nodos v. axillas glomerati.
Styli erecti v. recurvi, tenues v. apice solo dilatati, cocci 2- valvati v. bacca 3-loculans.
Rudimentani ovarii evolatum.
Seminum testa tenuis ventie non cava. Embryo rectas,
1. Securinega.
Seminum testa Crustacea ventre duplicata inter
laminas cava. Embryo incurvas
2. Fluvaggea.
Rudimentum ovarii 0.
Discus e vol Utas 3. Plnjllanihns.
Discus 0.
Capsula. Calyx ^ dilatatiis. ...4. Glochidioii. Bacca. Calyx 'V tarbinatus lobis v. dentibas
6 inflexis fere clausas 5. Breynia.
Styli valde dilataLi, patentes. Fratus di'upaceus, indehiscens,
abortu 1-spermus 6. Putravjiva.
Fl. 'V racemi 7. Antidesma.
Folia digitatim foliolata 8. Bischoffia.
Sepala '^ valvata 9. Bridella.
Embryo parvas, albumine quater ad sexies brevior. 10 Daphniphyllum.
Ovula in loculis solitaiia. Involucrum non cyathiam.
Filamenta in alabastro apice inflexa 11. Crofon.
Filamenta in alabastro ei'ecta.
Fl. 't' sei:)alis valvatis, apetali. Spiere v. racemi. Filamenta non ramosa.
Antlierœ subglobosœ v. oblongre.
Stamina 16-20. Antherarum lociili a basi distiucti primuiu pendali demum ascendcntes, superne long-
EUPHOßBIACEAHÜM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 3
itudinaliter déhiscentes. Filaincnta libera
12. Mercurialis.
Stamina numerosa. Anuierœ prope bnsiu dorsifixœ, localis ilistinctis parallelis connectivo lato separatis V. connectivo parvo longitudinaliter dehiscentibus.
Filamcnia libera 13. Mallolus.
Stamina 8. Antherœ dorsifixa3, loculis distinctis parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Filamenta basi brevissme in annulum connata. ...14. Alchornea. Stamina numerosa. Anthera; dorsifixœ, connectivo latiusculo breviter ulti-a loculos producto, loculis lateralibus transverse didymis. Filninenta libera. ...
Ib. Cleidion.
Stamina 6-10. Anthera3 terminales, breves, 4-locuIares.
Filamenta liijera 16. 3Jacarcmga.
Antherie vermiibrmes 17. Acalypha.
Filami-nta ramosissima.
Herbœ 18. Eicinus.
Frutices 19. Homonoia.
Fl. "t sepalis imbricatis, petaliferi. Panicuhe corymbosaï
20. Aleurites.
Fl. "^ sepalis imbricatis, apetali. Spicie v. racemi.
Fl. glomerato-f asciculati 21. Gelonium.
Fl. spicati V. racemosi.
Calyx t a basi 8-partitus. 22. Excoecaria.
Calyx 'S" brevissinie lobatiis 2o. ^apinm.
Involucrum cyathium 24. Euphorbia.
1. Securinega Juss.
Bâillon, Hist. d. PI. V. 241 ; Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL III. 27Ö ; Pax, in Engl, et Prantl. Nat. Pfl. Farn. III. 5 18. Flores dioici, apetali. Fl. J : sepala 5, imbricata. Disci
4 AKT. 3. B. HAYATA : EEVISIO
glandulœ 5, staminibus alterni. Stamina 5, sepalis alterna, filamentis liberis ; antherse erectse, localis distinctis parallelis longitadinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarii rudimentum evolutum, apice 2-3-fidiim. Fl. $ : calyx maris. Discus integer. Ovarium o-loculare, stylis distinctis, recur vis, 2-fidis, ovulis in localis geminis. Cajpsula sicca, in coccos 2-valves dehiscens. Seminum testa membranacea minute reticulata, albumen carnosum ; embryo centralis, cotyledon- ibus planis latis. Frutices ramosi. Folia alterna, intégra. Flores ad axillas glomerati, J numerosi, ? pauciores, pedicellati.
1. S. fluggeoides Muell. Aeg. (Tab. I. A.). MuELL.
Aeg. in DC. Prodr. XV. 2, 450 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. II. 426 ; Henry, List. PL Form, in Trans. Asia. Soc. Jap. XXIV. suppl. 82; L. Diels, Fl. centr. China, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XXIX. 426.
S. japonica Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. — Bat. III. 28 ; Franch. et Savat. Enum. PI. Jap. I. 425.
Phyllanthus japonicus Muell. Arg. in Linnsea XXXII. 16.
Nom. Jap. Hitotsuba-hagi.
Ramuli foliigeri 1-5 pedes longi, graciles subflexuosi. Stipulse ovatse, acuminatœ, fusca3. Petioli 4-5 mm. longi. Folia 3-5 cm. longa, 1-2 cm. lata, oblongato-elliptica, obtusa, basi acuta, rigide submembranacea, supra lucida, subtus glaucescentia. Flores ^ in fasciculis 2-8, $ numerosi. Pedicelli $ 5-10 mm. longi apice in- crassati, % 3-5 mm. longi, tenues. Calyx ^ 2 mm.; J li mm. longus ; sepala oblongo-ovata, obtusa, margine latiuscule hyalina. Ovarii rudimentum cylindricum patule et breviter trifidum glabrum, 1-2 mm. longum. Ovarium globosum 1-2 mm. longum, li mm. diametro aequans, glabrum ; styli basi breviter connati, intus canaliculati, apice bilobi. Fructus primum plus minusve carnosus,
EUPHORBIACEAEUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICAEUM. Ö
demum capsulari-aperiens, excarpio carnoso, enclocarpio osseo. Capsulae 4^ mm. latje, oi mm. longse subteretes. Seraina obtuse trigona, levia, reticulata.
DisTRiB. In Japonia mediana el australi vulgaris.
Hab. Liu-kiu : Kuniesima, leg. H. KuROiwA, anno 1898.
Kiushu : Kumamoto, anno 1901.
Hondo : prope Tokyo.
2. Fluggea Willd.
WiLLD. Sp. PI. IV. 757 ; Endl. Gen. PI. 1122 ; Benth.
et Hook. Gen. PI. III. 276 ; Pax. in Nat. Pfl. Fam.
III. 5, 18.
Flores dioici apetali. Fl. J: Fl. $: sepala 5, subpeta-
loidea, imbricata. Discus planus, annularis, dentatus. Ovarium o-loculare ; styli distincti, recurvi, 2-fidi, ovula in loculis gemina. Fructus subsuccosus, pericarpio tenui indéhiscente. Semina sub- triquetra, dorso rotundata, testa Crustacea duplicata inter laminas cava ; albumen baud copiosum, circa cavum incurvum ; embryo incurvus, cotyledonibus latiusculis planis. — Frutices. Folia alterna, disticha, petiolata, integerrima. Flores minimi, axillares, pedi- cellati.
1. F. microcarpa Blume ; MiQ. Fl Ind. Bat. 1-2, p. 356; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 328 ; Forbes et Hemöl. Ind. FL Sin. II. 427 ; Henry, List PL Form. 83 ; L. Diels in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 427.
Securinega ohovata Muell. Arg. in DO. Prodr. XV-2, 449; Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. 115.
6 ART. 3. — B. HAYATA : EEVISIO
Flueggea Sinensis " Batll. Etude Gene. Eupliorb. 592."
Phyllanthus Wightianus Müell Arg. in Liniuxea XXXII. 6.
P. virosus WiLLD. Sp. PL IV. 578; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 659.
P. retusus Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 657.
Chorizandra pinnata Wight Ic. Ind. or. t. 1994.
Nom. Jap. Sliima-hitotsubahagi.
Frutices. Rami cinerascentes v. griseo-pallidi, graciles, glab- res, plus minusve acute tetragoni. Folia petiolata, stipitata, obovoidea, oblongo-elliptica, obtusa v. rotundata, basi acuta, costis secundriis 10-12, subtus glaueescentia, 2i-4 cm. longa, 1-2 cm. lata, petiolis 3-4 mm. longis. Fl. ^ : sepala I2 mm. longa. Ovarium globosum, styli distincti, patuli, bifidi. Fructus globosus 3mm. diametro sequans. Pedicelli fructigeri 22 mm. longi. Semina 2 mm. longa, 1 2 mm. lata.
D18TRIB. Tropica et subtropica Asia, troj)ica Africa Australiaque. Hab. Formosa: Tam-tsui, leg. T. Making, anno 1896; Kelung, leg. T. Making, anno 1896 ; Kut-chbioli, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1899.
3. Phyllanthus L.
LiNN. Sp. PI. ed-2. 67 ; Endl. Gen. PL 1120 ; Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV-2, 275 ; Baill. Hist. d.
PL V. 252 ; Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL III. 272 ;
Pax in Nat. Pfl. Fam. III-5, 18.
Flores mouoici, apetali. Discus varius. Fl. ^ : sepala 5-^),
V. 4 distincta, v. rarius basi breviter connata, imbricata, plus
minusve distincte 2-seriata, petaloidea. Stamina in centro flores
3, 2, V. 5, filamentis liberis v. in columnam centralem connatis ;
antlierarum loculi paralleli v. divergentes, extrorsum longitudinaliter
EUPHORBIACEAEUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 7
V. liorizontaliter déhiscentes. Kiidimentiim ovarii 0. Fl ? : calyx maris v. rigidior ; ovarium o-v. 6-loculare ; styli distincti v. plus minus connati, integri sœpius 2-fidi, erecti v. recurvo-patentes, subulati, V. ^^»lanodilatati, superne introrsum stigmatosi ; ovula in loculis gemina. Capsula sicca v. carnosa, demum sœpissime in 2 coccos 2-valves dissdiens, rarius vix dehiscens. Semina trans- versini o-augularia, dorso convexa, angulo interiore recta, erarun- culata, testa membrancea v. Crustacea ; albumen carnosum, embryo rectus V. leviter incurvus, cotyledonibus planis rectis. — Herbse, fructices. Folia integerrima, alterna, disticha. Flores parvi, axillares V. ad nodos vamulorum glomerati, J subsessilis v. distincte pedi- cellati, pauci, Ç in eadem axilla v. in ramulo distincto pauci v. solitarii, longius pedicellati.
Conspectus Phyllanthoriim Specter urn.
Herbœ v. siiffrutiees. Stamina 3.
Filamenta tota longitudine monadelj^ha v. superne brevissime libera.
Sepala 5 1- P Nirvri.
Sepala 6 2. P. urinaria.
Filamenta libera, basi brevitcr connata 3. P. simplex.
Stamina 2.
Disci glandiilse liberœ 4. P. Matsivmurœ.
Disci glandulse connatœ 5. P. liukiuensis.
Frutices.
Stamina 2 6. P. flexuosus.
Stamina 5 7. P. reticulatus.
Arbores 8. P. Niinamii.
1. P. Niruri Linn. (Tab. I. B.). Linn.S p. PL ed.
-2, 1392; Thunb. Fl. Jap. 6Q', Aiton, Hort, kewensis, V. 335; RoxB. Fl. Ind. 559 ; Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 210 ; Sieb.
8 ART. 3. — B. HAYATA : REVISTO
et Zücc. Fl. Jap. Farn. Nat. Sec. Prim. 144 ; Wight, le. PI. Ind. or. t. 1894; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1-2,369; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 311 ; MuELL. Arg. in Linnaea XXXII. 43; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. West. Ind. 34; Miq. Prol. 24; Hemsl. Bot. cent. Ameri. III. 104 ; MuELL. Arg. in DG. Prodr. XV-2, 406 ; Hemsl. in Voy. Ghallenger, Bot. 1-2, 63, Part 3, 187 ; Hillebrand, Fl. Hawai, 402 ; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. V. 298 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. II. 422; Henry, List PI. Form. 82 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 29.
Nom. Jap. Kidachi-homihaiisô.
Nymi^hanthus Niruri, LouR. Fl. Gochin eh. ed-2, 545.
Herbœ v. snffrutices. Bamnli teretes levés. Folia oblonga elliptica, obtusa, v. mucronata, 3-5 mm. longa, 2-2 è mm. lata, snbtus pallidiora, membranacea. Stipulœ ovatœ v. lineari-lanceolatœ, snbulato acnminatœ. Flores gemini, omnes breviter pedicellati. FI. J : sepala 5 ; stamina 3, filamentis tota longitudine in columnam connatis. Antherarum locnli horizontaliter déhiscentes. Glandulae distincte, stipulœ peltata3. FI. Ç : calyx maris. Ovarium globosum, trisulcatum : styli brevissimi apice revoluto-bilobi. Glan- dulae connatse, 5-lobœ. Calyx fructiger 1,5 mm. longus, 1 mm. latus. Capsulœ depresso-globosse, 2 mm. latœ, ambitu teretes, lœves. Semina longitrorsum costulata, transversim minutissime striolata.
DiSTRiB. in Guinea, Madagascaria, India orientali, Java, Borneo, Phillip-
pinis, Japonia vulgaris. Hab. in Japonia australi. Formosa : Kachirai-sha, leg. K. Miyaké, anno 1898 ; Pang-kang, Sha-gio,
leg. K. MiYAKE, anno 1898. Hondo : Prope Tokyo, anno 1880.
2. P. urinaria Linn. (Tab. I. G.)— Linn. Sp. PI. ed-
EUPHORBIACEARUM ET BÜXACEAEUN JAPONICARTJM. 9
2, 1393 ; WiLLD. Sp. PL IV. 583 ; Lour. FL Cocliinch. 677 ; MiQ. FL Ind. Bat. I.-2, 3G9 ; Muell. Arg. in Linnsea XXXII. 19 ; Benth. FL Hongk. 310 ; Müell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.- 2, 364 ; Benth. FL AustraL 102 ; Miq. ProL 291 ; Franc h. et Savat. Enum. PL Jap. I. 426 ; Hook. f. FL Ind. V. 293 ; Maxim. in Engl. Jahrb. VI. 59 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. FL Sin. IL 423 ; Henry, List PL Formos. 82 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 29.
P. lepidocarpus, Sieb, et Zucc. Fl. Jap. Farn. Xat. Sect. Prim. 143 ; Wight, le. PI. Ind. or. t. 1895, f. 4 ; Miq. in Ann. Bot. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 127.
Xom. Jap. Komikansö.
Suffrutices 1-2-pedales, ramulis alto-angulosis. Hamuli flori- geri puberuli. Folia in ramulis disticha, anguste oblongo-elliptica, brevius acuminata, basi subacuta, margine plus minusve scabra v. ciliolato-serrulata, vulgo dense approximata, in ramulis oblique inserta, 5 ram.-l.cm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata. Stipulœ triangulari- acutœ. Fl. J : sepala 6 ; stamina 3, filamentis tota longitudine in columnam connatis, apice brevissime liberis; antherge verticaliter birimosse, liberse. Glandulae liberie, subsessiles, peltatœ. Flores J depauperato-fasciculati, in superne ramulorum dispositi, exgui vix 2 mm. longi. FL ? : calyx maris. Ovarium globosum sub-squamoso-papillosum, stylis complanatis, recurvis bifidis, ramis hamato-recurvis. Glandulse in urceolum connatœ lO-lobœ, lobis triangulari-acutis. Flores ? in axillis foliorum solitarii, in inferi- oribus partibus ramulorum subsessiles. Capsulse subsquamoso- ver- rucosa?, fere sessiles, depresso-globosœ, 2è ram. latse, ambitu teretes. Calyx fructiger apertus vix 1.5 mm. diametro œquans. Semina transversim costulata.
DisTRiB : In insula Ceylonia, Java, India orient., China, Japonia. Hab. in Jajwiiia australi medianave.
10 ART. 2. — B. HAYATA : REVISIO
Formosa: Tong-si-kak, leg. K, Miyake, nnno 1898; Sin-tiam-koe, Kutsu- shaku, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1898 ; Kelung, Taipea, leg. T. Making, et C. OwATARF, anno 1896 ; Paehina, leg. T. Niinami, anno 1896.
Liu-kiu : Naha.
Hondo : Prov. Tötömi, in tractu Iwata, leg. K. Hisamatsu ; prope Tokyo, Hort. Bot.; Prov. Suwau, in tractu Yoshiki, leg. G. I^ikai, anno 1901.
3. P. Simplex Retz. (Tab. I. D.) Willd. Sp. PL
IV. 573 ; RoxB. Fl. Ind. III. 634 ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 391 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 295 ; Benth. Fl. Au- stral. VI. 111; Seeman, Fl. Vitiensis, 220; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. IL 423 ; Hexry, List. PI. Formos. 82 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 427.
P. simplex y chinensis Muell. Arg. in Linnœa XXXII. 33.
P. anceps Vahl ; Franch. PI. David. 266.
Nom. Jap. Shima-koniihansd.
Herbœ v. sufTrutices semipedales, caulibas simplicibus v. parce ramosis e caudice vulgo namerosis erectis v. adscendentibus tota V. fere tota longitudine folii-florigeris. Folia disticlia, glabra, l)reviter petiolata, intégra, penninervia, bistipitata, lineari-lanceolata utrinqne obtusa v. apice acuta, 8-10 mm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata, petiolis è-lèmm. longis. Stipulœ triangulari-ovatœ, acutœ. Fl. J : sepala 6 ; stamina 3, filamenta oblique inserta, apice recurva, basi leviter connata. Pimœ antherarum extrorsie, in- clinatione connectivorum horizontales. Glandulae 6, liberal, or- biculares, sessiles. Pedicelli J gemini v. terni è-1 mm. longi. Fl. :Ç : calyx maris. Ovarium papillosum depresso-globosum ; styli 2-fidi ; stylorum rami graciles, divergentes, ovario adpressi. Glandulœ in urceolum crenato-lobatum, undulatum, connatœ. Pe- dicelli longiores, 1-2 mm. longi. Capsulœ levés profunde trisulcatse. Semina secus lineas longitrorsas reguläre puncticulato-verruculosa.
EUPHORBIACEARUM ET RUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 11
DiSïRiB : In India orient., Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippini^ä, insulis Ma-
rianis, Formosa. Hab. Formosa: Takao, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1898.
4. P. Matsumurse sp. nov. (Tab. I. E.)
Nom. Jap. Hime-mikansd.
Herbœ, caulibus simplicibus v. pauci ramosis. Rami florigeri ancepites, subulato-compressi. Folia clisticlia, 8-10 mm. longa, 4-5 mm. lata, glabra, intégra, bistipitata, ovato-lanceolata, v. lineari-lanceolata, acuta, basi obtusa, subtus pallidiora, petiolis h~ 1 z mm. longis. Stipulœ basi retorsœ sagittatee, integrœ, lanceo- acuminatse. Fl. J : sepala 4 ; stamina 2, filamentis fere connatis, superne breviter liberis. Kimre antherarum inelinatione connec- tivoruni horizontales. Glandulae 4, liberie, obconicie, sessiles. Pedicelli 1-2 mm. longi, tenues. Fl. ^ : sepala 6 ; ovarium globosum, levé ; styli patentes apice 2-lobi, lobis divergentibus, non ovario adpressis. Glandulie liberie, 6, subcylindricse. Pedicelli $ 1-2 mm. longi, acute transversimque 3-angulosi, superne valide incrassati. Capsula depresso-giobosœ, glabrae, 2 mm. latse, 1 mm. longœ, leviter papillosse. Semina secus lineas longi trorsas sparce irregulariterque reticulata.
A P. simplici differt in floribus J, staminibus 2, sepalis 4, glandulis liberis, stylis non ovario adpressis.
Hab. In Japonia australi vulgaris.
Prope Tokyo, anno 1880; Horinouchi, anno 1881. Prov. Iwashiro, in tractu Aidsu, Yumoto, anno 1819. Prov. Suwau, in tractu Yoshiki, leg. G. NiKAi, anno 1984 ; Insula Tsushima: prope Izugahara, Sliinimi, leg. Y. Yabe, anno 1901.
5. P. liukiuensis ÄIatsumura. (Tab. I. E.)
Nom. Jap. Hana-komikanboku.
Frutices divaricati, ramis apice caulium multis, glabris,
12 ART. 2. B. HATAYA : REVISIO
gracilibus. Ramuli filiformes, teretes v. superne leviter compressi. Folia falcato-recurva, oblique ovata v. oblonga, o-12 mm. longa, 3-5 mm. lata, majuscule mucronata v. obtusa, subtus glauca, penninervia, teuuiter membranacea, stipulis triangulari- ovatis, subulato-acuminatis. Pedicelli filiformes, in pulvinulis axillares. Sepala utriusque sexus oblongo-ovata, omnia denticulata. Fl. J : sepala 4, 5 mm. longa v. breviora. Stamina 2 ; filamentis brevissimis, circa ovarii rudimentum inserta. Antheree horizon- taliter aperientes. Ovarii rudimentum brevissimum. Disci glandulie in urceolum connatœ, 4-lob8e. Fl. Ç : sepala 6. Discus integer v. margine répandus. Ovarium globosum levé, stylis divaricatis, bipartitis oriuntur gracilibus. Pedicelli fl. Ç 5-7 mm. subsequantes, filiformes. Capsulce depresso-globosœ, 4 mm. diametro œquantes. Semina lievia.
A F. leptocladote Benth. differt ovarii rudimento evoluto, seminibus lœvibus.
Hab. Liiikiu : Onnab, leg. J. Matsumura, auno 1897.
6. P. flexuosus MuELL. Arg. (Tab. I. G.) Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 324 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. IL 421 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 427.
Cicca ßexuosa Sieb, et Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Xat. Sect. Prim. 143.
Glochidion flexuosum Franch. et Savat. Enum. PL Jap. I. 426.
Nom. Jap. KohannoJcl.
Frutex fasciculatim ramosus, ramis flexuosis, ramulis sub- fasciculatis compressis. Pamuli florigeri tenues, 10-15 cm. longi. Pulvinuli, e quibus oriuntur ramuli florigeri, densissime inferne coriaceo superne membranaceo-squamato-perulati. Folia ovata v.
EUPHORBIACEARUM ET EUX ACE ARUM JAPONICARUM. 13
oblongo-ovata, acutiuscula, basi brevissime insequaliterque acuta, membranacea, olivaceo-fuscidula, densissime reticulato-vencsa, 1-4 cm. longa, 7-25 mm. lata, petiolis 1-2 mm. longis, stipiilis angnstis, spathulato-ovatis, persistentibus, 2-2 i mm. longis, scariosis, fuscis, superne fimbriatis. Flores 5—ß fasciculati, uni g mixti. Sejoala 4, œqualia, imbricata, 1.5 mm. longa, coriacea. Fl. ^ : sepala orbi- culari-ovata, margine inflexa. Stamina 2, libera, filamentis validis ; antbene distinctse verticaliter birimosœ. Glandulae 4, liberae, truncatœ, interdem leviter connate. Pedicelli fl. ^ capillacei, 3-5— mm. longi, basi articulati. Fl. Ç : sepala oblongo-spathulata, intus nitida. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, glabrum; styli 3, liberi indivisi, superne revoluti. Sepala oblongo-elliptica, decidua, omnia rotundato- obtusa. Glandulae in urceolum connatse, margine 4-lobat8e, lobis cum sepalis atteignis. Pedicelli ^ fl. masculis breviores, 5-3 mm. longi, ad basin calycis crassati. Bacca spuria sicca, depresso-giobosa, 4 mm. longa, 6 mm. lata. Semina trigona dorso leviter alveolato- reticulata. Embryo complanatus ad dorsum seminum affixus, re- curvus, cotyledonibus spathulato-complanatis.
DisTRiB.: in Japonia australi.
Hab. Kiushii : Prov. Buzen, in monte Iwatake ; prov, Hiiiga, in monte
Kirisliima, auno 1882. In insula Oshima, leg. S. Matsuda, anno 1896. Shikoku : Prov. Tosa, in monte Tsuetate ; in traetu Sngawa, leg. T. Making,
anno 1887 ; prov. lyo, in monte Wariishi ; prov. Awa, in ]^îi--hu-mura,
anno 1888. Hondo : Prov. Nagato, in traetu Otsu, leg. G. Nikai, anno 1902 ; Prov.
Kii, in monte Köya, anno 1883. Tokyo Hort. Bot. cult.
7. P. reticulatus Poir.; Muell. Arg. in Linndea XXXII. 12 et in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 344 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. 101 ; Hemsl. in Vog. Challenger, Bot. I.-3, 187 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 288; Forbes et Hemel. Ind. Fl. Sin. II. 422; Henry, Lis. PI. Formos. 82.
14 ART. 2. E. HAYAÏA : EEVISIO
Cicca microcarpa Benth. Fl. Hongk. 312.
Phyllanthiis microcarpus Muell. Arg. in Linn?ea, XXXII. 51 et in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 343 ; Hange, in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII. 121.
Kirganelia sinensis, Baill. " Etude Gén. Eupliorb. 614."
Phyllanthus sinensis Muell. Arg. in Linnœa, XXXII. 12.
Nom. Jap. SJmna-lcohannoki.
Frutices. Rami graciles, ramulosi. Folia disticba, 3 cm. longa, 2 cm. lata, ovata, utrinque obtusa v. emarginata. Petioli 2-3 mm. longi. Stipulée longue, lanceolatse, crassiusculœ. Flores ad axillas glomerati, articulato-decidui, J 6-Q> glomerati ^ uni mixti, longe pedicellati. Bracteœ membranaceie. FI. J : sepala 5, imbricata, crassiuscula, ovata basi leviter angustata, intus nitida, extus glabra vel leviter pubescentia. Stamina 5, duo interiora connata, longiora, très exteriora libera, filamentis brevissimis, an- tlieris oblongo-ovatis apiculatis. Glandula? cum staminibus alternée. FI. Ç : sepala 2-5, incrassata. Ovarium globosum glabrum, 7-8-loculare ; ovula in loculis gemina, superposita, stylis stigma- tis. Drupa. Semina triangulari-ovata, sicco-rugosa ; embryo rectus, cotyledonibus complanatis.
DiSTRiB.: in Asia ttopica et Africa, vulgaii.s,
Hab. Formosa : Tai-tong-thian, Pi-lara et Tai-lani-thinn, leg. K. Miyaké, anno 1899.
8. P. (Sect. Embrica.) NÜnamÜ sp. nov.
Nom. Jap. Shima-ammaroku.
Arbores ? ramosœ, ramulis gracilibus, tomentosis. Folia in ramulis disticha, oblongo-elliptica, 12-18 mm. longa, 5-8 mm. lata, margine integerrima recurva, apice rotundata, glanduloso- apiculata, basi rotunda to-cordata, subtus glabra, petiolis brevissimis
EUPHORBIACEARUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 15
i mm. longis, stipulis riifis, triaugularibus, crassiusculis, margine laciniatis, minimis, 1 mm. longis. Flores numerosi, in axillis foliorum inferiorum parvorum siti. Fl. J : sepalis 6, spathulatis, membranaceis, 23 mm. longis, 1 mm. latis ; glandulis 0 ; staminibns 3, filamentis tota longitudine in columnam 1 mm. longam connatis, antheris erectis, extrorsis ; pedicellis geminis v. ternis, gracilibus, 4 mm. longis. Fl. $ : sepalis 6, spathulatis, crassiusculis, ma- joribiis, 3 mm. longis, limm. latis, glandulis in urceolum crenato- dentatum connatis ; ovario gioboso-ovoideo, stylis basi in columnam ovarium subœquantem connatis, 2-fidis, ramis gracilibus, 3 mm. longis, recurvis ; pedicellis brevissimis, * mm. longis, solitariis. Fructus ignotus.
A P. Embrica L, foliis oblougo-ellipticis, stylis 2-fidis, gracilibus, longioribus, facile distincta. Ceteris partibus vero utraque species persimilis.
Hab. Fornioa : Shokwa, leg. T. Niinami, anno 1902 (Aug. fl.)
4. Glochidion Foest.
Endl. Gen. PI. 1121 ; Pax, in Nat. Pfl. Fam. III.-5, 23. Flores monoici, apetali. Discus 0. Fl. J : sepala 6, distincta, imbricata plus minusve 2-seriata, omnia simila v. exteriora bre- viora. Stamina in centro floris 3-6, filamentis connatis brevissima, antheris erectis in columna centrali sessilibus, loculis distinctis parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, connectivis prominenter apiculatis. Ovarii rudimentum 0. Fl. Ç : calyx rigidior, brevis, incrassatus. Ovarium subglobosum, stylis brevissimis ; ovarium 3-
16 ART. 2. — B. HAY ATA : RE VISIO
8-loculare ; ovula in loculis gemina. Capsula sicca, demum in coccos 2-valves dissiliens. Semina ecarunculata, testa Crustacea ;. albumen carnosum ; embryo leviter incurvus, cotyledonibus planis. Frutices. Folia coriacea, integerrima, alterna, ssepius disticha. Flores parvi, axillares, J pedicellati, ? in eadem axilla glomerati^ subsessiles.
Conspectus Glochidionis Specierum.
Stamina 6-4.
Folia lanceolata ; ovarium 5-4-loculare 1. G. lanceolatwn.
Folia elliptica ; ovarium 6-8-loculare.
Tota glabra 2. G. zeylanicmn.
Tota liirsutfi. 3. G. hirsutum.
Stamina 3.
Ovarium 3-loculaie 4. G. bicolor.
Ovarium G-7-loculare.
Folia glabra 5. G. obovatwn.
Folia pubesceutia 6. G. formosanum.
1. G. lanceolatum. sp. nov. (Tab. II. C.)
Nom. Jap. Kiirun-kanhonoki.
Kami teretes, omnino glaberrimi, foliosi. Folia oblongo-ovata, v.-lanceolata, obtuse accuminata, basi acuta, incequilateralia, utrinque 7-8-costata, 5-6 cm. longa, 2-3 cm. lata, petiolis 4 mm. longis, glabra, supra pallidiora, subtus fusco-virida, stipulis cras- siusculis triangulari-acutis. Flores axillares, superne Ç, inferne J. Inflorescentia breviter pedunculati, pedunculis 8 mm. longis. Fl. % : sepala ovata, 2.5 nun. longa. Stamina ssepissime 4, rarius 5 V. 6. Endimentum parvissimum ovarii in centro staminum prseditum. Flores J fasciculati, breviter pedicellati, pedicellis 4- 5 mm. longis. Fl. ? : sepala rotund ato-o va ta v. triangulari- ovata,. 1.5 mm. longa. Ovarium globosum, 2 mm. longum. Stylorum
EUPIIORBIACEARUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 17
columna hemisplierica, leviter 8-10-sulcata. Ovarium 4-5-loculare, rarius 6-loculare. Capsula depresso-globosa, leviter 8-sulcata.
A G. cacumino differt pedunculis pedicellisque florum J longioribus.
Hab. Formosa : Kelimg, leg. T. Making et C. Owatari, anno 1896.
2. G. zeylanicum A. Juss.; Muell. Arg. in Linnœa, XXXII. 60 et in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 281 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 311.
Nom. Jap. KaJcibano-hanhonohi.
Rami grabri, foliosi. Folia oblongo-ovata, acuta v. obtusa, basi obtusa, glabra, v. nitida, supra pallidiora, subtus fusca. Stipulée minutée, triangulari-ovatse, acuminatœ, rigidse, arete recurvse, persistentes. Petioli 6 mm. longi. Inflorescentise pedunculatee ; pedunculi 15 mm. longi, spatio circ. 6-7 mm. longo ab axilla remoti. Flores utriusque sexus in quaqua inflorescentia mixti, J longius, Ç brevius pedicellati. Fl. J : sepala oblongo-ovata, 3 J mm. longa, levia. Stamina seepissime 5. Fl. $ : glomerato- fasciculati. Sepala ovata, acuta, levia, 2 mm. longa, interiora angustiora. Ovarium globosum, glabrum, 8-9-loculare ; columna stylaris conica, truncata, apice 5-6-fida. Capsula depresso-globosa, circ. 18-sulcata, ambitu teres, 7 mm. lata, 4 mm. longa.
DisTRiB. In insula Ceylonia, Banca juxta Sumatra, Borneo, peninsula Indiœ
orientalis, Formosa, Liu-kiu. Hab. Formosa : Taipea, leg, T. Making et K. Honda, anno 1896. Kelung,
leg. C. Owatari, anno 1896. In Tai-tong-thian, Ka-leng-oan, leg. K.
Miyake, anno 1899. Liu-kiu : Yontanzan, leg. J. Matsumura, anno 1897.
3. G. hirsutum Muell. Arg. (Tab. II. D.) Muell.
Arg. in Linnœa, XXXIL 61 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 311.
18 ART. 2. — B. HAYATA : EEVISIO
Bradleia hirsuta Eoxb. Fl. Ind. III. 699. " Baill. Etude Gen. Euphorb. 638."
Phylla7iihus hirsutus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 283.
Nom. Jap. Obano-kehankonoM.
Hamuli crassiusculi oligophylli, dense puberuli, apice fulvo- tomentelli. Petioli 3 mm. longi. Stipulée lineari-subulatœ, arcuato- reflexse, 3 mm. longse. Folia oblongo-ovata, 10-15 cm. longa, 6- 8 cm. lata, obtusa, basi oblique truncato-obtusa, latere interiore obtusa V. leviter retusa, exteriore sfepius acuta, supra paucius subtus densius pubescentia. Inflorescentiœ paulo supra-axillares, cum ramulo basi connatae, et 5-6 mm. supra axillam folii quasi insertse, pedunculatœ. Fl. J fasciculati, pedicellis 13 mm. longis. Sepala 2 mm. longa, late elliptica, cum pedicello tenui-vel griseo- pubescentia. Stamina 6. Fl. Ç : calyx 2.5 mm. longus, 6-lobatus, lobis crassis, acutis ; ovarium globosum, cum pedicello omnino pubescens. Pedicelli 3 mm. longi. Capsula depresso-globosa, 8ï mm. diametro sequans, 7 mm. longa, pubescens, non sulcata, 12-sperma, v. abortu 6-sperma. Semina valde compressa, 4 mm. longa, 2è mm. lata, 1 mm. crassitudine ?equantia. DiSTRiB. In insula Penang, Indiae orient, et Formosa. Hab. Formosa : Taipea, leg. K. Honda, anno 1896 ; Po-li-sia, Tsui-sia, leg. K. MiYAKE, anno 1898.
4. G. bicolor (Muell. Arg.) (Tab. II. E.)
G. acuminatum Muell. Arg. in Linnœa, XXXII. 68.
Phyllanthus bicolor Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 311.
Nom. Jap. Uraziro-kankonoki.
Kamuli apice pallide fulvo-sericeo-pubescentes. Petioli 2-3 mm. longi. Folia 4-8 cm. longa, 1.5-3 cm. lata, lanceolata, utrinque acuta, leviter inœquilateralia, supra in costis pubescentia, cseterum glabra, subtus plus minusve argeuteo-pallida vel albicantia,
EÜPHOEBIACEARUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 19
brevissime pubescentia. Flores J fasciculati, pedicellis pubescentibus
4h mm. longis. Sepala 2 mm. longa, extus pubescentia. Stamina 3.
Flores ? primum subglomerati. Sepala oblongo-elliptica, acuta,
i-1 mm. longa, interiora angustiora, parviora ; ovarium 3-loculare,
globosum sericeum, cum stylis limm. longum ; columna stylaris
cylindrica, superne paulo latiora, breviter 3-fida, ovarium longitudine
ter V. quater œquans. Capsula parva, depressa, profunde sulcata,
basi et apice umbilicato-depressa, 4mm. longa, 7mm. lata. Semina
ovoidea, 3 mm. lata, 3i mm. longa. Fasciculi fl. J in axillas
inferiores, fl. Ç primum glomerati, in axillas superiores dispositi.
DiSTRiB.: In Nepalia, Sikkim, Bengalia orientali, Formosa, et Liu-kiu. Hab. Formosa : Pak-kang-khoe, Tsuisia, Po-li-sia, leg. K. Miyake, anno
1898. Liu-kiu : Leg. J. Matsumura, anno 1897 ; in Insula Orfhima, Nase, leg. T.
UcHiYAMA, anno 1900.
5. G. Obovatum Sieb, et Zucc. (Tab. II. F.) Sieb.
et Zücc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. Sect. Prim. 143 ; Müell. Arg. in Linnsea, XXXII. 67 ; Miq. Prol. 292 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. II. 425.
Phyllanthus obovatus Müell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 307.
Nom. Jap. Kankonohi.
Hamuli pauce et tenuiter pubescentes. Petioli I2-2 mm. longi. Stipulge minimse, ovatie, subacuta. Folia 3-6 cm. longa, 2-3 cm. lata, obovata, oblongo-ovata, vel obovato-lanceolata, obtusa, rotundata v. breviter acuminata, basin versus sensim cuneato-angustata, glabra. Flores J pedicellati, pedicellis evolutis, 10 mm. longis. Calyx 2 mm. longus ; sepala oblongo-ovata, interiora angustiora ; stamina 3. Flores ? longe pedicellati ; pedicelli 8-9 mm. longi. Calyx 6-lobatus, lob is crassiusculis, acutis, interioribus angustioribuö. Columna stylaris cylindrico-obovoidea, apice obtusa,
20 AET. 2. — 'B. H AY AT A : RE VISIO
6-fida, sursum latior, deorsum aDgustior, ovarium longitudine bis sequans, crassa. Ovarium 6-loculare, glabrum v. leviter pubescens, depresso-globosum. Calyx le mm. loiigus. Capsula depresso- globosa, profunde sulcata, 82 mm. longa, 6 mm. diametro sequans. Semina
DisTRiB. in China, Japonia australi.
Hab. Formosa : Tamtsui, Kelung, leg. T. Makino, anno 1896 ; Takao,
leg. C. OwATARi, anno 1896 ; Hok-ki-tsng, leg. K. Miyake, anno
1897; Kachilai et Ka-chin-lo, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1898. Liu-kiu : in insula Oshima, leg. T. Uchiyama, anno 1900. Kiushiu : prov. Higo, prov. Tikuzen, in tractu Kasuya, leg. K. Nagano ;
prov. Hiuga, in Miniitsu; prov. Hizen, in monte Onsen-gatake, anno 1892. Hondo : prov. Suwau, in tractu Yoshiki, leg. G. Nikai, anno 1899 ; prov.
Kii in Miuamichi, anno 1883. Tokyo Hort. Bot., cult.
6. G. formosanum sp. nov. (Tab. II. G.)
Nom. Jap. Ke-hanhonoki.
Plante omnino pubescentes. Kami teretes, oligopbylli. Folia oblougo-ovata v. oblongo-elliptica, apice obtusa v. acuta, basi oblique truncato-obtusa, latere interiore obtusa, exteriore acuta, supra pauce, subtus densiuscule pubescentia, 7-8 cm. longa, 3-4 cm. lata, petiolis 4 mm. longis. Flores o fasciculati ; longe pedicellati, pedicellis 8 mm. longis ; sepalis 6, interioribus parvioribus, ovatis acutis, intus et extus brevissime pubescentibus, 0 mm. longis. Stamina 3, rarissime 4. Flores g breviter pedicellati, pedicellis 2.5 mm. longis ; calyx 1 mm. longus, 6-lobatus, lobis brevissimis ; ovarium ovoideum cum stylis 2 mm. longum ; columna stylaris depresso- globosa, leviter 7-8-sulcata, basi constricta, ovario brevior ; ova- rium 6-7-loculare. Capsula depresso-globosa, 10-12-sulcata, ambitu teres.
Hab. Formosa ; Tai-tong-thian, Pi-lam, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1899.
EÜPHOEBIACEARUM Eï BUXACEAKÜM JAPONICARUM. 21
5. Breynia Forst.
Endl. Gen. PI. 1120; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.- 2, 438; Baill. Hist. d. PL V. 254; Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL III. 276; Pax, in Nat. Pfl. Farn. III.-5, 24. Flores monoici, apetali. Discus 0. FL J : calyx breviter turbina- tus, supra planus, lobis v. dentibus inflexis fere clausus. Stamina 3, filarnentis in columnam centralem connatis ; antlierse ad apicem columnse sessiles adnatœ, loculis parallelis longitudinaliter deliiscenti- bus. Kudimentum ovarii 0. FL ^ : calyx campanulatus, fructiger interdem auctus, explanatus, lobis brevibus nunc ad dentés minutos reductis. Ovarium sessile v. breviter stipitatum, 3-loculare, superne carnosum ; styli indivisi v. apice 2-fidi ; ovula in loculis gemina. Bacca globosa, indehiscens. Semina triquetra, dorso rotundata, testa Crustacea, ventre duplicata inter laminas cava ; albumen baud copiosum, circa cavum incurvum ; embryo curvus, cotyledonibus latiusculis planis. — Frutices. Folia alterna, petiolata, ssepius dis- ticha, siccitate nigricantia. Flores axillares, parvi, pedicellati, fasciculati, fasciculo rarius in racemum brevissimum excurrente.
Conspectus Breyniarum Specierum.
Calyx fructiger accrescens, dilatatus.
Ovarium ioclusum ; bacca apice producta 1. B. accrescens Jo nn. a.
Ovarium exsertum ; bacca ?i])ice depressa 2. B. accrescens form. ß.
Calyx fructiger vix accrescens, campanulatus 3. B. rhamnoides.
Calyx fructiger non accrescens.
Stipulée breves triangulares; calyx 't turbinatus, staniinibus exsertis
4. B. stipitata \ar. forviosana form. a.
Stipulée subulato-acuminatse ; calyx 't subglobosus, staniinibus inclusis
5. B. stipitata ytir. formosana form. ß.
22 ART. 2. — B. HAYATA : REVISIO
1. B. accrescens sj^. nov. form. «. (Tab. I. H.) Nom. Jap. Hime-kobannohi.
Rami graciles, flexuosi. Folia disticlia, membranacea, breviter petiolata, ovata, apice rotundato-obtusa, basi acuta, 2 cm. longa, 1.5 cm. lata, petiolis 2-3 mm. longis, stipulis minimis, subulato-lance- olatis, subtus pallidiora. Flores J pedicellati, pedicellis 8mm. longis; calyces turbinati 2 mm. longi, I2 mm. in diametro sequantes ; 2- 3-fasciculati, 2-3-bracteati. Flores ^ ad axillas solitarii, pedicellis 3 mm. longis, calycem œquantibus. Calyx turbinato-campanulatus, margine obscure 6-fractus. Ovarium ovoideum, truncatum, vertice foveolatum, inclusum. Calyces fructigeri dilatati, bemispherico- deplanati, subintegri, leviter 2-lobati, 5 mm. diametro sequantes, pedicellis 5 mm. longis. Baccse globosse 4 mm. diametro sequantes, apice productse. Semina triquetra, 02 mm. longa, 1.5 mm. lata.
Similans B. coronatam, Hook, f.; sed floribus J fasciculatis, foliis minimis, fascile distincta.
Hab. Formosa : Kotöshö, leg. K. Miyake, anuo, 1899. Nein. Formos. Kakaridd-yariggudd
2. B. accrescens sp. nov. form. ß. (Tab. I. I.)
Fl. ? : calyces campanulati, 1 mm. longi, distincte 6-lobati, lobis acutis ; ovarium exsertum, ovoideum, truncatum, vertice con- cavura, in centro stigmatibus minimis. Calyces fructigeri dilatati deplanati, margine breviter crenulati, 3è mm. diametro aequantes. Baccae globosae, 5 mm. diametro aequantes, apice depressae. Hab. Formosa : Tamsui, leg. T. Marino, anno 1896.
3. B. rhamnoides Muell, Arg.; (Tab. I. J.) MuELL.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 440 ; Hook, f Fl. Brt. Ind. V. 330 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. IL 428 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 427.
EUPHORBIACEAHÜM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 23
Phyllanlhus rhamnoides Willd. Sp. PI. IV. 580 ; Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. Vog. 270.
P. vitis-idaea Koxb. Fl. Ind. HI. Q?)5.
3Jelanthesa rhamnoides Wight, Ic. Fl. Ind. or. t. 1898 ; MiQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.-2, 370.
Nom. Jap. Oshima-kobannoki.
Frutices glaberrimi. Folia brevissime petiolata, petiolis 3 mm. longis, membranacea, ovata vel orbiculari-obovata, rotundato-obtusa, 3 cm. longa, 21 cm. lata. Flores J 3-4, fasciculati, pedicellis 7 mm. longis ; calyces turbinati v. subcampanulati, margine obscure lobati, 2jmm. longi, IJmm. diametro aequantes. Flores Ç soli- tarii ; calyces 2 mm. longi, hemisplierico-carapanulati, 6-dentati ; ovarium subglobosum, apice truncatum, concavum, vix exsertum. Pedicelli 4 mm. longi. Baccae globosae, vertice obsolete disciformi- tumidae, 3? mm. longae, 6 mm. latae, breviter stipitatae. Calyx fructiger vix accrescens. Semina triquetra, 3i mm. longa, 2? mm. lata.
DiSTRiB. In tropica Asia, vulgaris.
Hab. Formosa: Ang-thau-su, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1899.
Liu-kiu : Naha ; Oshima, leg. T. Uchiyama, anno 1900.
4. B. stipitata Muell. Arg. var. formosana var. nov. form. «. (Tab. II. A.)
Nom. Jap. Daiwan-kobannoki.
Rami graciles. Folia coriacea v. membranacea ; stipulae triaugulari-ovatae, subulato-acuminatae. Petioli 3 mm. longi. Folia 1^-21 cm. longa, 1.5-1 cm. lata, oblongo-ovata, apice ob- tusa, basi inaequilateralia, acuta, supra olivaceo-viridia, snbtus pallidiora. Flores J 2-3, fasciculati, pedicellis 6 mm. longis.
24 ART. 2. — B. HAY ATA I REVISIO
Calyces turbinati, 6-lobati, lèmm. longi. Flores Ç ad axillas solitarii, breviter pedicellati. Calyx 2 mm. longus, pedicellum œquans, obconicus acute breviterque 6-lobatus, sub fructu non accrescens. Ovarium turbinato-obconicum, apice latum, concavum tumido-stigmatum. Baccae subdepresso-ovoideae, basi distincte in stipitem calyci urceolari subaequilongum gracilem attenuatae, 4 mm. longae, 6 mm. latae. Stipes 2è-3mm. longus, apice abrupte in fructum abiens. Semina.
Hab. Formosa: Shinteklui, leg. T. Marino, anno 1896.
5. B. stipitata Muell. A eg. var. formosana var. nov.
form. ß. (Tab. II. B.)
Stipulae lineari-lanceolatae, acuminatae. Folia ovata, utrinque subacuta, supra nigra, subtus glauca. Flores J : calyx subglobosus, margine 6-dentatus, staminibus inclusis. Fl. Ç : ovarium cylind- ricum, truncatum, apice leviter trisulcatum.
Hab, Formosa: Taipen, anno 1896.
6. Pulranjiva Wall.
Endl. Gen. PI. 287 ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-
2, 443 ; Baill. Hist. d. PI. V. 249 ; Benth. et
Hook. Gen. PI. III. 277 ; Pax. in Nat. Pfl. Fam.
III.-5, 27.
Flores dioici apetali. Discus 0. Fl. J : calyx tenuis, 4-6-
partitus, segmentis inaequalibus, imbricatis. Stamina 2, filamentis
EÜPHORBIACEARUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 25
compressis, in centro floris basi connatis ; antlierae globoso- ellipsoideae, crassiusculae, ntrinque obtusae, erectae, extrorsae, loculis distinctis, parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Kudi- mentum ovarii 0. Fl. Ç : calyx tenuis, 3-partitus, segmentis angustis. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, 3-loculare ; ovula in loculis gemina. Styli longiusculi, patentes, in ramos totes carnosos papillosos expansi. Drupa oblongo-ovoidea, endocarpio duro, fere osseo, abortu 1-locularis, 1-sperma. Semina oblongo-ovoidea ; testa tenuis ; albumen carnosum ; embryo rectus, magnus, cotyledonibus latis planis, palmatinerviis. — Arbores ? Folia alterna, bistipulata, crenulato-serrulata, rigide membranacea v. coriacea, dense tenuiter- que pennivenia et reticulato-venosa. Flores axillares, J in racemes glomerati, brevissirae pedicellati, Ç longius pedicellati, solitarii.
1. P. Koxburghii Wall. (Tab. II. H.) Wight, Ic.
PI. Ind. or. t. 1876; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 443; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. Sou. Ind. t. 275 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 336; Matsumura, in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XII. 61.
Nayeia Putranjiva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 766.
Nom. Jap. Tsugemodohi.
Kami graciles, teretes, superne angulosi, glabrati. Hamuli acute sulcato-angulosi, obscure pubescentes. Petioli 7-10 mm. longi, firmi, supra canaliculati, pubescentes. Folia ellip- tica, apice obtuse acuminata, basi acuta, 3-5 cm. longa, 1- 3 cm. lata, elliptica, juniores membranacea, evoluta chartacea, margine adpresso-pubescentia, denum glabrata. Fl. J racemoso- spicati. Bracteae multiflorae. Calyx 1-2 mm. longus ; laciniae margine densius ciliato-pubescentes, dorso paucius puberulae. An- therae crassae, exsertae, 1 mm. longae, hirtellae. Fl. Ç pedicellis 5-lOmm. longis, sub fructu circ. 12mm. attingentibus, validiusculis.
26 ART. P>. — B. HAYATA I REVISIO
Calycis Ç laciniœ 1 3-2 mm. longœ, sub fructu deciduse, oblongo- ellipticœ, apice rotundatse. Ovarium oblongo-cylindricum, calycem tri-quater œquans, sub-fulvo-sericeum. Drupa oblongo-ellipsoidea utrinque angustata, 20 mm. longa, 13 mm. lata, pilis densis pallidis brevissime tomentella.
DiSTRiB. In peninsula Ind. orient.; Formosa et Liu-kiu.
Hab. Formosa: Ang-thau-su, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1899.
Liu-kiu : Ins. Okinawa, leg. J. Matsumura, anno 1897 ; Shuri, leg. K.
Miyake, anno 1899; Ins. Miyakojima, leg. S. Tanaka, anno 1879;
Ins. Okinawa, leg. Y. Tasiiiro, anno 1897.
7. Antidesma Linn.
Linn. Sp. PI. ed.-2, 1455 ; Endl. Gen. PI. 287 ; Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 248; Benth. et Hook.
Gen. PI. III. 284 ; Pax, in Nat. Pfl. Fam. IIL-5,
30. Flores dioici, apetali. Fl. J : calyx alte 3-4-lobatus, lobis imbrieatis. Discus evolutus, glandulis staminibus alternis, concre- tis. Stamina 4-5, lobis ealycis opposita, filamentis liberis, longis, sub anthesin calycem vulgo 2-4-plo superantibus. Antlierarum loculi in alabastro extrorsum aperientes, loculi post osccillationem superne divergentes, introrsura aperti. Kudimentum ovarii 0. Fl. ? : calyx 5-6-partitus. Disci annulares. Ovarium 1-loculare ; styli 3, brevissimi ; ovula in loculo gemina. Drupa parva, subcarnosa, obliqua, indehiscens. Putamen osseo-coriaceum, foveolatum, carinatum. Semina abortu unica, ecarunculata ; albumen carnosum ; embryo rectus, cotyledonibus planis latis. — Frutices. Folia alterna, bistipulata, breviter petiolata, penninervia ; costae
EUPHORBIACEARUM ET BUXACEARUM JAPONICARUM. 27
ante marginem integrum arcuato-adscendentes, anastomosantes. Flores parvi, racemosi, racemis tenuibus, ad axillas solitariis. Bracteae parvae.
1. A. japonica Sieb, et Zucc; (Tab. II. I.) Benth.
Fl. HoNGK. 318 ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 258 ; Maxim. in Engl. Jalirb. VI. 59 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin, II. 432 ; Henry, List. PI. Formos. 83.
Nom. Jap. Uguyoshi vel yama-hihatsii.
Eamuli tenues glabri v. pilis brevibus scabridi. Folia 4- 9 cm. longa, 1-3 cm. lata, lanceolato-elliptica v. latins angustiusve lanceolata, acuminata, basi attenuata, glabra, subtus ad nervös parce pubescentia, fusco-viridia v. dein fuscidula, stipulis lineari- lanceolatis membranaceis deciduis. Petioli pubescentes, 4-8 mm. longi. Bacemi omnino pubescentes. Bracteae lanceolatœ, ovatse, acutae. Stamina valde exserta, filamentis validis. Calyx dilata- tus, 3-4-lobatus, lobis brevissimis. Flores ? pedicellis gracilibus, liliformibus, liorizontaliter patentibus. Calyx urceolatus, lobis brevibus. Drupa elliptica subincurva, pedicello vix duplo longior, 6 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata, sicco grosse subfoveolato-rugosa.
DiSTRiB. In Hongkong, Japouia australi.
Hab. Formosa : In monte ïaiton ad 300 m. alt., Rev. U. Faurie, anno 1903.
Liu-kiu : Okinawa, Yaeyama, Miyakojima, leg. Y. Tashiro, anno 1887; Yseyama, in monte Urabu, Yonakuni, Tamatsuku, leg. S. Tanaka, anno 1891 ; in monte Ubashiinata, Kiinchan, leg. J. Matsumura, anno 1897; in insula Kumesliima, leg. K. KuROiwA, anno 1898; in insula Osliima, in inonte Takamine, leg. T. Uchiyama, anno 1900.
28 ART. o. — B. HAYAïA : REVISIO
8. BischofTia Blume.
Endl. Gen. PL 1149; Muell. Arg. in DG. Prodr.
XV.-2, 478 ; Baill. Hist. d. PI. V. 227 ; Benth.
et Hook. Gen. PI. III. 281 ; Pax, in Nat. Pfl.
Farn. III.-5, 33. Flores dioici, apetali. Discus 0. Fl. J : sepala 5, imbricata, margine induplicato-cucullato-concava. Stamina 5, filamentis bre- vibus, circa rudimentum ovarii horizontaliter inserta, sepalis op- posita ; antherae magnae, localis parallelis distinctis versus medium affixis longitudinaliter deliiscentibus. Ovarii rudimentum brève,
latum. Fl. ^ : Fructus subbaccatus, globosus, indebiscens,
3-locularis, mesocarpio carnoso, endocarpio pergameno. Semina ecarunculata, testis crustaceis ; albumen carnosum ; embryo rectus, cotyledonibus planis latis, corda to-o va tis complanatis, le vi ter recurvis. — Arbores. Folia alterna, 3-foliolata, foliolis longe petio- lulatis, majusculis, crenatis. E-acemi laterales ; J paniculato-ramosi, brevius pedicellati.
1. B. javanica Blume ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.-2, 363 ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 316; Muell. ArCx. in DG. Prodr. XV.-2, 478 ; Seeman, Fl. Vitiensis, 221 ; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. Sou. Ind. t. 259 ; Maxim, in Engl. Jahrb. VI. 59 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 345 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Fl. Ind. Sin. II. 428 ; Henry, List PI. Fornios. 83 ; L. Diels, in Engl. Jahrb. XXIX. 428.
Ändrachne trifoliata Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 728.
Bischoffia trifoliata FIook. Ic. PL. t. 844.
B. Eoeperlatia Decne; "Baill. Etude Geu. Euphorb. t. 26."
EUPHOEBIACEAKUM ET BÜXACEARUM JAPONICAEUM. 29
Nom. Jap. Akagi.
Kami teretes grabri. Folia trifoliata, foliolis petiolulatis ; petiolulus terminalis reliquis longior ; foliola ovata, penninervia, margine crenato-dentata, rigide membranacea, basi acuta, apice cuspidato-acuminata, 5-10 cm. longa. Petioluli laterales 5-2.5 cm. longi, terminales 5-7cm. longi. Filamenta libera ; antherse late ovoideae, utrinque emarginatse, extrorsum aperientes. Ovarii rudimentum cylindricum, brève, vertice in discum crenulatimi et planum dilatatum. Pedicelli masc. calycem semul v. bis aequantes, ad medium articulati. Pedicelli fructigeri incrassati, fructum long- iuscule superantes. Fructus ovoideus, rugulosus, basi brevissime contracto-angustatus. Semina semiglobosa.
DisTRiB. India, Malaya, Polynesia, Formosa et Liu-kiu.
PIab. Formosa : Aug-thau-su, ïai-toug-thiau, Pi-lam, leg. K. ÄIiyake, anno
1899; Cliip-chip-koe, Lim-ki-po, leg. C. Owatari, anno 1898; Pachina,
Tarasui, leg. T. Making, anno 1896. Liu-kiu : Insula Okinawa, Naha.
9. Bridelia Willd.
WiLLD. Sp. PI. IV. 978 ; Endl. Gen. PI. 1119 ; Muell.
Aeg. in DC. Prodr. XV.-2, 493 ; Benth. et Hook.
Gen. PL III. 267 ; Pax, in Nat. Pfl. Fam. III.-
5, 35.
Flores monoici, petaliferi. Fl J : sepala 5, valvata ; petala 5,
brevia, squamiformia, spatliulata. Discus margine subinteger.
Stamina 5, filamentis in medio disco basi in columnam connatis,
superne liberis patentibus ; antherae obovoideae, loculis parallelis,
longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Pudimeutum ovarii ad apicem
30 ART. 3. — B. HAYATA I EEVISIO
columnse styliforme. Fl. Ç : calycis segmenta quam J angnstiora. Petala maris. Discus duplex, interiore cupulato 6-lobato, ovarii basio arcte cingente. Ovarium 2-loculare. Baccse indéhiscentes, meso- carpiis carnosis, endocarpiis osseis. Semina in pyrenis abortu soli- taria ; albumen carnosum facie interiore late profundeque excavatum ; embryo cavo albuminis parallelus, cotyledonibus latis tenuibus ; radicula brevissima. — Frutices. Folia alterna, breviter petiolata, integerrima, venis primariis pinnatis, secundariis transversis, utrin- que prominulis. Flores ad axillas glomerati, bracteati, J numerosi, Ç solitarii, breviter pedicellati. Bracteae stipulares.
1. B. tomentosa Blume; (Tab. III. A.) Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. I.-2, 364 ; Benth. Fl. Hougk. 309 ; Muell. Arg. in DG. Prodr. XV.-2, 501; Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. 120; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 271 ; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. II. 420; Henry, List. PL Formos. 82.
Bridelia Loureiri Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beecli. Voy. 211.
Nom. Jap. Kankomodoki.
Frutices ramosi, ramulis pilosis, rufescentibus, tenuibus llexilibus. Folia submembranacea, ovoidea, lanceolata, utrinque subacuta, breviter petiolata, 7-3 cm. longa, 4— le cm. lata, margine subcrenata, costis secundariis utrinque latere 7-8, supra glabra, subtus molliter ferrugineo-puberula, petiolis 5-3 mm. longis. Flores J aperientes 7 mm. diametro aequantes, sepalis triangulari- ovatis, demum patulis, intus parce hirsutis, 1 h mm. longis, 1 mm. latis; petalis angustioribus, plicato-bigibbosis, Ih mm. longis, stipi- tatis. Kudimentum ovarii 2 mm. longum, apice stigmatum. Co- lumnae staminum et antherae parce hirsutae. Discus complanatus, margine leviter sinuatus. Pedicelli z mm. longi. Flores Ç : sepala et petala more J, sed parviora. Calyx ext us parce pubes-
EUPHORBIACEAEUM ET BUXACEAEUM JAPONICARUM. ol
cens. Discus duplex, exteriore annulari, interiore cupuliformi 6- lobato. Ovarium oblongo-globosum, stylis bifidis. Baccae 7 mm. longae, 6 mm. latae.
Norn. Formos. Tu-mi-shu. (fide Henry).
DisTRiiî. In Javn, ludiae orient., Hongkong, Australia et Formosa. Hab. Formosa: Hong-san, Tong-si-kak, leg. K. Miyake, anno 1898.
10. Daphniphyllum Blume.
Endl. Gen. PI. 1104; Muell. Arg. XVI.-l, 1 ; Baill.
Hist. d. PL V. 292 ; Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL III.
282; Pax, in Nat. Pfl. Fara. in.-5, 36. Flores dioici, apetali. Fl. J : calyx obsoletus v. evolutus, segmentis 5-8, parvis. Stamina 5-10, filamentis brevibus, liberis, e basi radiato-divergente adscendentibus ; antherae magnae, erectse, tetragome, a dorso compressae, localis parallelis, adnatis, lateraliter 2-valvatim dehiscentibus. Budimentum ovarii 0. Pedicelli mox articulato-decidui. Disci glandulae 5 v. 0. FL ? : calyx maris. Ovarium vix perfecte 2-loculare ; styli distincti, crassiusculi, recurvo-patentes, indivisi ; ovula in loculis gemina. Drupa oliviformis, indehiscens, abortu 1-sperma, mesocarpio crassiusculi, endocarpio rigide cbartaceo, intus albo, sericeo-fibroso. Semina ecarunculata, testis membranaceis ; albumen crasso-carnosum, oleagineum, olivaceo-nigrescens ; embryo apicalis, albumine cire, sexies brevior, cotyledonibus semicylindricis, latitudine radiculam aequantibus. Frutices v. arbores glabrae. Bami teretes densius- cule foliosi, glabri. Folia alterna, petiolata, integerrima, coriacea, saepe angusta, penninervia, reticulato-venosa, subtus glaucesceutia.
32 ART. P.. — B. HAYATA I REVISIO
Racemi utriusque sexus axillares, breves, laxiusculi, bracteis minu- tis. Flores pedicellati, secus rhachin sparsi.
Conspectus Daphniphylli Specierum.
Calyx obsoletus 1. D. macropodum.
Calyx evolutus. Stamina 8.
Folia elliptica 2. D. glaucescens.
Folia oblongo-lanceolata, acuminata 3. D. glaucescens var. Oldhami.
Stamina 5 4. D. himalayense.
1. D. macropodum Miq.; (Tab. II. J.) Miq. in Ann.
Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. III. 129 et in Prol. 393 ; Muell. Aeg. in DC. Prodr. XVI.-l, 5; Forbes et Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. 429; L. DiELS, in Engl. Jalirb. XXIX. 428 ; Shirasawa, Nippon shin- rinjumokuzusetz, vol. 1, t. 54. Nom. Jap. Yuzuriha.
Hamuli validi, superne angulati et foliosi. Folia coriacea 9- 18 cm. longa, 3-7 cm. lata, e basi acute elliptico-oblonga, v. sub- lanceolata, apice abrupte brevissime acuteque duro-apiculata, glabra, subtus subglauca, margine extremo leviter recurva, costulae utrin- que 12-15, erecto-patulae, tenerae. Petioli vulgo 3-5 cm. longi, canaliculati. Fl. J : calyx obsoletus. Stamina 8-10 ; antherae rhomboideae, 3 mm. longae. Fl. J aperientes 7 mm. diametro aequantes. Pedicelli 10 mm. longi. Fl. Ç : calyx obsoletus ; staminodia 10, crasso-carnosa, digitaliformia, 1 mm. longa. Ovarium globosum, glabrum, stylis 2, divaricato-adpressis, lanceolatis, intus canaliculatis, leviter papillosis. Fructus oblongo-globosus, sicco nigricans ; endocarpium firmum, foveolatum.
DisTRiB. in China australi, Japon la.
Hab. Hondo : jn-ope Tokyo, Insla Hacliijojima, anno 1881 ; prov. Kii, anno
1883. Prov. Kagn, anno 1881. Insula Sado, anno 188G. Insula Közu- shima,